25.

Current, Resistance and Electromotive Force

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
25.5 Energy and Power in Electric Circuits
The power input to the
circuit element
between a and b is
P = (V
a
V
b
)I = V
ab
I.
Fig. 25.21
25. Current, Resistance and Electromotive Force
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
25.5 Energy and Power in Electric Circuits
In electric circuits we are most often interested in
the rate at which energy is either delivered to or
extracted from a circuit element.
The time rate of energy transfer is power, denoted
by P:



Units: watt, W
1 W = 1 J/s
25. Current, Resistance and Electromotive Force
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
25.5 Energy and Power in Electric Circuits
If the circuit element is a resistor, the rate of
transfer of electric potential energy into it is




The internal energy of the material will increase
and energy (heat) will be dissipated in the resistor
at a rate I
2
R.
Every resistor has a power rating, the maximum
power the device can dissipate without becoming
overheated and damaged.
25. Current, Resistance and Electromotive Force
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
25.5 Energy and Power in Electric Circuits
Power Output of a Source
Fig. 25.22
25. Current, Resistance and Electromotive Force
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
25.5 Energy and Power in Electric Circuits
Power Input to a Source
Fig. 25.23
25. Current, Resistance and Electromotive Force
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 25.9 Power input and output in a complete circuit
Figure 25.24 shows the
same situation that we
analyzed in Example
25.6. Find the rate of
energy conversion
(chemical to electrical)
and the rate of dissipation
of energy in the battery
and the net power output
of the battery.
Fig. 25.24
25. Current, Resistance and Electromotive Force
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 25.9 (SOLN)
Identify and Set Up
Our target variables are the power output I of the
source of the emf, the power input I
2
r to the internal
resistance, and the net power output of the source
given by Eq. (25.19).
25. Current, Resistance and Electromotive Force
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 25.9 (SOLN)
Execute
From Example 25.6 the current in the circuit is I = 2
A. The rate of energy conversion in the battery is

The rate of dissipation of energy in the battery is


The electrical power output of the source is the
difference between these: I I
2
r = 16 W.
W A V I 24 ) 2 )( 12 ( = =
W A r I 8 ) 2 ( ) 2 (
2 2
= O =
25. Current, Resistance and Electromotive Force
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 25.9 (SOLN)
Evaluate
The power output is also given by the terminal
voltage Vab = 8 V (calculated in Example 25.6)
multiplied by the current:

The electrical power output to the resistor is

This equals the rate of dissipation of electrical energy
in the resistor:
W A V I V
b a
16 ) 2 )( 8 (
' '
= =
W A V I V
ab
16 ) 2 )( 8 ( = =
W A R I 16 ) 4 ( ) 2 (
2 2
= O =
25. Current, Resistance and Electromotive Force
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 25.9 (SOLN)
Evaluate
Note that our results agree with Eq. (25.19), which
states that V
ab
I = I I
2
R; the left side of this equation
equals 16 W, and the right side equals 24 W 8 W =
16 W. This verifies the consistency of the various
power quantities.
25. Current, Resistance and Electromotive Force
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 25.10 Increasing the resistance
Suppose the 4-O resistor in Fig. 25.24 is replaced by
an 8-O resistor. How does this affect the electrical
power dissipated in the resistor?
25. Current, Resistance and Electromotive Force
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 25.10 (SOLN)
Identify and Set Up
The situation is the same as that in Example 25.9,
but with a different value of the external resistance
R.
25. Current, Resistance and Electromotive Force
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 25.10 (SOLN)
Execute
According to Eq. (25.18), the power dissipated in the
resistor is given by P = I
2
R. If you were in a hurry, you
might conclude that since R now has twice the value
that it had in Example 25.9, the power should also be
twice as great, or 2(16 W) = 32 W. Or you might
instead try to use the formula P = V
ab
2
/R; this formula
would lead you to conclude that the power should be
one-half as great as in the preceding example, or (16
W)/2 = 8 W. Which answer is correct?
25. Current, Resistance and Electromotive Force
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 25.10 (SOLN)
In fact, both of these conclusions are incorrect. The
first is incorrect because changing the resistance R
also changes the current in the circuit (remember, a
source of emf does not generate the same current in
all situations). The second conclusion is also incorrect
because the potential difference V
ab
across the
resistor changes when the current changes. To get
the correct answer, we first use the same technique
as in Example 25.6 to find the current:
A
V
r R
I 2 . 1
2 8
12
=
O + O
=
+
=

25. Current, Resistance and Electromotive Force
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 25.10 (SOLN)
The greater resistance causes the current to
decrease. The potential difference across the resistor
is

which is greater than that with the 4-O resistor. We
can then find the power dissipated in the resistor in
either of two ways:

or
V A IR V
ab
6 . 9 ) 8 )( 2 . 1 ( = O = =
W
V
R
V
P
ab
12
8
) 6 . 9 (
2 2
=
O
= =
W A R I P 12 ) 8 ( ) 2 . 1 (
2 2
= O = =
25. Current, Resistance and Electromotive Force
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 25.10 (SOLN)
Evaluate
Increasing the resistance R causes a reduction in the
power input to the resistor. In the expression P = I
2
R
the decrease in current is more important that the
increase in resistance; in the expression P = V
ab
2
/R
the increase in resistance is more important than the
increase in V
ab
. This same principle applies to
ordinary light bulbs; a 50-W light bulb has a greater
resistance than does a 100-W light bulb.
Can you show that replacing the 4-O resistor
with an 8-O resistor decreases both the rate of
energy conversion (chemical to electrical) in the
battery and the rate of energy dissipation in the
battery?
25. Current, Resistance and Electromotive Force
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 25.11 Power in a short circuit
Figure 25.25 shows the
same short-circuit battery
that we analyzed in
Example 25.8. Find the
rates of energy
conversion and energy
dissipation in the battery
and the net power output
of the battery.
Fig. 25.25
25. Current, Resistance and Electromotive Force
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 25.11 (SOLN)
Identify and Set Up
This is once again the same situation as in Example
25.9, but now the external resistance R is zero.
25. Current, Resistance and Electromotive Force
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 25.11 (SOLN)
Execute
We found in Example 25.8 that the current in this
situation is I = 6 A. The rate of energy conversion
(chemical to electrical) in the battery is


The rate of dissipation of energy in the battery is



The net power output of the source, given by V
ab
I, is
zero because the terminal voltage V
ab
is zero.
W A r I 72 ) 2 ( ) 6 (
2 2
= O =
W A V I 72 ) 6 )( 12 ( = =
25. Current, Resistance and Electromotive Force
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 25.11 (SOLN)
Evaluate
All of the converted energy is dissipated within the
source. This is why a short-circuited battery is quickly
ruined and in some cases may even explode.
25. Current, Resistance and Electromotive Force
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
* 25.6 Theory of Metallic Conduction
Random motions of an
electron in a metallic
crystal with and without
an electric field
present.
Fig. 25.26
25. Current, Resistance and Electromotive Force
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
* 25.6 Theory of Metallic Conduction
The motion of a ball
rolling down an inclined
plane and bouncing off
pegs in its path is
analogous to the
motion of an electron in
a metallic conductor
with an electric field
present.
Fig. 25.27
25. Current, Resistance and Electromotive Force
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 25.12 Mean free time in copper
Calculate the mean free time between collisions in
copper at room temperature.
25. Current, Resistance and Electromotive Force
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 25.12 (SOLN)
Identify and Set Up
We can find an expression for mean free time t in
terms of n, , e, and m by rearranging Eq. (25.24).
From Example 25.1 and Table 25.1, for copper n =
8.5 x 10
28
m
-3
and = 1.72 x 10
-8
Om. Also, e = 1.60
x 10
-19
C and m = 9.11 x 10
-31
kg for electrons.
25. Current, Resistance and Electromotive Force
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 25.12 (SOLN)
Execute
From Eq. (25.24), we get
s
m C m
kg
ne
m
14
8 2 19 3 28
31
2
10 4 . 2
) 10 72 . 1 ( ) 10 60 . 1 )( 10 5 . 8 (
10 11 . 9

=
O

=
=

t
25. Current, Resistance and Electromotive Force
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 25.12 (SOLN)
Evaluate
Taking the reciprocal of this time, we find that each
electron averages about 4 x 10
13
collisions every
second!
25. Current, Resistance and Electromotive Force
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Concept Summary
25. Current, Resistance and Electromotive Force
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Concept Summary
25. Current, Resistance and Electromotive Force
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Key Equations
25. Current, Resistance and Electromotive Force
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Key Equations