GROUP 1 NURSYAZANA BINTI ABDUL HALIM NURFATIAH BINTI SAIDIN NURUL SHUHADA BINTI ABU SEMAN NURAZRAH HANEM

BINTI RAHIM NORSHAHIDA BINTI ABDUL RAZAK NOOR AIN BINTI ZAINOL ABIDIN

ECONOMIC FACTORS Pipes should not too long than the new sewer pipes Should consider on construction that will occur in future Prepare the small sewer pipes for sewage flow from house or building before entering the main sewage pipe. DETERMINATION OF LOCATION Find a suitable location of the pipeline so that it wont disturb the traffic. Sewerage pipe should be posted nearby the house or the building so that easily accept the sewage flow.

The purpose of early investigation is to get some information for estimating the cost and to observe the equity of the project. Some information can get from the map or the aerial images. initial design is usually based on the estimated flow, contours, roador pipeline location and the location where sewage flows from the house or building based on this information, the quantity of pipes of different sizes can be estimated together with the cost of dredging, repair roads andsewer piping components required

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needs to be done and depending on the size and surfacecondition of a town or housing scheme. aims to minimize construction costs by providing a gravity flow of sewage. is not profitable to provide sewerage system for a very large areaand low population density.

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areas with high population density, it is more economical if the area is divided into several zones. While for the area where the population is scattered and not dense, the sewage produced better treated individually using septic tanks and absorption trenches. If the surface area has a different level, pumping stations required to pump sewage to overcome gravity flow Distribution area can also reduce design time due to a small area with development term limits shorter than the saturated large areas.

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to design a sewer system slightly compared the water supply pipe design to estimate the quantity of sewage for discharge varies according to season, day and hour. flow rate during the day higher than during the night. therefore it is difficult to determine the average daily flow rate and maximum flow rate.

many housing schemes using a separate system in which sewage and storm water channeled in two different sets of pipes. in the context of the sewerage system, dry weather flow of sewage average flow rate during the dry season when no rain is taken into account. however, a small part of the earth's water will infiltrate into the sewer pipes, especially in areas prone to flooding. it should be designed so that they can carry a maximum flow rate inflow 2/3 full to 750mm diameter sewer pipe and 1/2 full sewer pipes less than 750mm. For this purpose, the flow rate factor introduced to ensure maximum flow rate allowed for sewer pipes.

sewerage system should be designed taking into account the needs of present and future. future needs means that if any provision of the latest requirements. for housing schemes which have the maximum number of units, when the design must take into account only the maximum. the main sewerage system which receives sewage and a town that is growing, when the design must take into account the needs of the future. in practice, the time limit design usually does not exceed 30 years.

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pipes should preferably take the shortest route to the central treatment plant so that its cost can be minimized. in practice are usually installed sewer pipelines
parallel to the lane behind the terrace houses above the threshold for the road ahead to the

main sewer pipe. on the side of the road ahead for the road with no sill in individual lots for which there is no way connected to the housing back

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cases that are not common it must use its own discretion virus to produce the shortest route. generally be installed so that the sewer pipe in parallel with the road and not across the building. The main components in the sewerage systems are manhole. manhole is required as a gateway into the sewerage system for the purpose of inspection, maintenance and cleaning.

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also serves as a meeting chamber for two or more main sewer pipes and sewer pipes at each intersection The maximum distance between two manholes for each of 150 feet of sewer pipe of diameter 6 inches or less 200 feet for pipe diameters greater than 6 inches.

flow velocity in the sewer pipe has a self-cleansing ability to avoid sedimentation of the solid will produce piles of silt. if the velocity is too slow sediment solids will accumulate and cause pipe blockages and prevent the passage of sewage. deposited solids consisting of sand, organic solids, and non-organic. 1.0mm diameter sand has a specific gravity of 2.65 and 5.0mmdiameter organic solids with specific gravity of 1.2 requires a minimum velocity of 0.45 m / sec to move with the sewage. design for self-cleansing velocities to be in the range 0.5 - 1.0 m / sec. flow velocity calculation is done using the empirical formula to avoid a very steep slope of sewer pipes are designed to have a self-cleansing velocities during peak flows. for average flow, trenches are dug to deep enough.

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there may be a minimum flow of silt in it will be brought together in time of peak flow.
Pipe diameter (mm) Self-cleansing velocity (m/sec)

150 250

1.0

300 600
600

0.75
0.6

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slope aspect Maguire used to produce selfcleansing velocity. diameter sewer pipes that are common in the market is 4 inches, 6inches, 9 inches, 12 inches, each a dditional 3 inches.
Diameter (inches) 4 6 9 12 18 21 Gradient normal 1/40 1/100 1/160 1/260 1/300 1/320 minimum 1/300 1/300 1/350 1/400 1/450 1/500

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the velocity of flow is determined and the slope of sewer pipe diameter is known to be counted Usually a minimum diameter of public sewer pipes is 6 inches @150 mm However preferably use more than 9 inches in diameter to avoid clogging pipes.

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empirical formula used to calculate the velocity of flow in the sewer pipe is
Chezy formula

crimp and Bruges formula

Bazin formula Hazen-Williams formula Manning formula - commonly

used in Malaysia

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of this formula, the slope of sewer pipes and used as the hydraulic mean depth of flow in sewer pipes rarely achieve full flowtap fe atures semi-liquid form of sewage. table below shows the guideline between flow depth and hydraulic mean depth
Depth of flow Full & 2/3 1/3 1/4 Hydraulic mean depth D x 0.25 D x 0.30 D x 0.29 D x 0.19 D x 0.15

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hydraulic mean depth schedule for ful l flow and 1/2 are the same. This means that the flow velocity is equal to the full flow and maximum velocity in the pipe sewer flow to occur during a round shell at a depth of approximately 4/5 of the diameter. maximum velocity value is more than 12.5% of velocity at full flow.

equation

V = Cmi2 V = velocity (m/sec) C = Chezy constant

m = hydraulic mean depth I = slope of sewer pipes

Value using Kuiter formula

C = 23 + (155 x 10-5) li + 1/n 1 + ( 23 + (155 x 10-5)) n/m i

Materials Bricks Clay

Roughness coefficient

Value of n 0.013 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.02 0.03

Cast iron Tract of soil Rock channel

 Crimp

and Bruges formula are describe in an equation :

V = 83.45m2/3i

 Bazin

formula specified in equation :

V = 285.6mi
1 u / 3.28m Where as: Bazin coefficients are usually 0.3 to sewerpipes

 Hazen

Williams are specified in equation

:
V = 0.85 Cm0.63i0.54
Material Value of C

Brick
Clay Old cast iron New cast iron

274
305 227 358

 V = (1/n) m2/3I sewer pipe is best

planted at a depth to the needs of present and future. depth of the trenches or excavation of the pipe affects the construction costs that depend on soil conditions, the availability of groundwater and the foundations of nearby buildings that can influence the design and construction methods. minimum depth of excavation depends on the type of soil and traffic loads on the pipe

 foundation

for sewer pipe connections dep ends on whether the connection rigid or flexible connections rigid connection is classified as a "foundation class A 'and the flexible connection is classified as a" foundation class B'

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pipes buried in the crushed rock compacted 15mm size. height from the base of crushed stone trenches is up to the center of the pipe. the top and the sides of the pipe filled with concrete 1:2:4 foundation of this class is used if the sewer pipe under load traffic or300mm minimum cover can not be provided

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same as a foundation class, except the material used to fill-not necessarily from the concrete minimum depth from the top of the pipe is 300mm (12 inches)

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pipe inside diameter is 600mm or less, it can only be installed in straight alignment and density of only ar ound in the manhole for sewer pipe inside diameter exceeding 6 00mm it can be installed on a curved alignment of the arc diameter is 50m or more