The Digestive System

Digestion
Processing of food Types
Mechanical (physical)
Chew Tear Grind Mash Mix

Chemical
Enzymatic hydrolysis
Carbohydrate Protein Lipid

Catabolic reactions: Building molecules for body use

Digestion Phases
Ingestion Mechanical processing Digestion Secretion Absorption Excretion

Oral Cavity
Chewing Saliva moistens food Saliva contains enzymes

Esophagus
Moves food to the stomach by peristalsis

Stomach
Sphincters control movement of food into and out of the stomach Stomach glands release gastric juices

Most food moves on to the small intestine within 4 hours

water, enzymes, mucus, acid

Small Intestine
Liver and pancreas secrete enzymes into the small intestine Digestion is completed Nutrients are absorbed through the intestinal walls

Colon (Large Intestine)

Bacteria produce some vitamins Vitamins absorbed into bloodstream Water is reabsorbed Feces move on to the rectum

Carbohydrate Digestion
Mouth
Salivary amylase breaks starch into sugar

Stomach
pH is too low for amylase to work

Small Intestine
Pancreatic juices neutralize stomach acids Intestinal and pancreatic enzymes complete carbohydrate digestion

Protein Digestion
Mouth

Stomach

Only mechanical digestion occurs Hormone gastrin signals stomach to secrete acid Acid converts pepsinogen to protein digesting enzyme pepsin Pancreas secretes trypsin into small intestine Trypsin and other enzymes secreted by small intestine digest protein into amino acids

Small Intestine

Fat Digestion
Mouth and Stomach
Only mechanical digestion occurs here

Small Intestine
Bile from liver (stored in gall bladder) emulsifies fat Lipase from pancreas splits fat into fatty acids and glycerol

Anatomy of the Mouth and Throat

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Human Deciduous and Permanent Teeth

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Dorsal Surface of the Tongue

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The Major Salivary Glands

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Deglutition (swallowing)
Sequence
Voluntary stage
Push food to back of mouth

Swallow
Soft palate & epiglottis cover air passages (nasal and trachea)

Esophageal stage
Contract pharyngeal muscles Open esophagus Start peristalsis

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Deglutition (swallowing)
Control Nerves Brain stem
Medulla oblongata Pons

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Esophagus
Usually collapsed (closed) Functions
Secrete mucous Transport food

Peristalsis movement of food in wavelike motion using muscles Has 2 sphincters

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Peristalsis and Segmentation

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The Organs and Positions in the Abdominal Cavity

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Stomach
Functions
Mix food Reservoir Start digestion of
Protein Butter-Fats

Absorbs
Alcohol Water Lipophilic acid B 12

Activates some enzymes Destroy some bacteria Makes intrinsic factor B 12 absorption

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Stomach
Usually J shaped Left side, anterior to the spleen 2 Sphincters Gastric Juice
Cells involved:: Peptic (chief) cells, Oxyntic (parietal) cells Cells found in gastric glands
Peptic secrete PEPSINOGEN- inactive Oxyntic secrete HYDROCHLORIC ACID (HCl)

Together create PEPSIN- digestive enzyme

Bolus -> Chyme

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Regulation of Gastric Juice

Pepsinogen is constant but HCl is not Smell or sight of food triggers ACh (acetylcholine) in nerves ACh triggers parietal cells-> HCl ACh triggers gastrin hormone-> produce more gastric juice Food in stomach releases more gastrin & juice
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Anatomy of the Stomach

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Small Intestine Anatomy

Extends from pyloric sphincter ileocecal valve Regions
Duodenum Jejenum Ileum

Movements
Segmentation Peristalsis

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Small Intestine Function

Absorbs the following using villi
80% ingested water Electrolytes Vitamins Minerals

Lipids
Entirely digested in small intestine

Completed Digestion
Carbohydrates Proteins

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Structure of the Villi in the Small Intestine

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Small Intestine
Secretes
Peptidases- Proteins into Amino Acids Sucrase, Maltase, LactaseDisaccharides into Monosaccarides Lipase- Fats

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Small Intestine
Requires pancreatic enzymes & bile to complete digestion

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Liver
Functions Makes bile
emulsifies fats

Detoxifies/removes
Drugs Alcohol

Stores
Gycolgen Vitamins (A, D, E, K) Fe and other minerals Cholesterol

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Liver
Activates vitamin D Metabolizes absorbed food molecules Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids

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The Duodenum and Related Organs

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Pancreas
Located behind stomach area

Releases alkaline solution to neutralize acid Enzymes released through duct include: amylase, lipase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, caboxypeptidase. Hormone secretin
Chyme secretin enzymes

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Large Intestine
Regions
Cecum Appendix Colon
Ascending Transverse Descending

Rectum Anal canal

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Anatomy of the Large Intestine

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Large Intestine
Functions Mechanical digestion
Churning Peristalsis

Absorbs
More water Vitamins B K

Chemical digestion Bacterial

Ferment carbohydrates Protein/amino acid breakdown

Concentrate/elimin ate wastes

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