Ms.Praveena G. Bhandari, Shri M. and N. Virani Science College, Rajkot.

Hormone = Gr. to excite 1) active in small amounts 2) produced in one part of plant (i.e. source) & transported to another for action(i.e. target) 3) action is specific for that site Cause physiological or developmental responses (stimulatory or inhibitory)

Also called plant growth regulators

` Depending

on site of action ` Developmental stage of plant ` Concentration of hormone

    

Auxins (cell elongation) Gibberellins (cell elongation + cell division translated into growth) Cytokinins (cell division + inhibits senescence) Abscisic acid (abscission of leaves and fruits + dormancy induction of buds and seeds) Ethylene (promotes senescence, epinasty, and fruit ripening)

Auxins
Types of auxins used in horticulture
Natural auxin is indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) IAA is broken down in sunlight Synthetic auxins used in horticulture: Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D)

Site of auxin production in plants:

Shoot and root tips (apical meristems) Young, expanding leaves Young seeds

 Stimulate cell elongation -Bend toward light because more auxin remains in cells on opposite side of light source Promotes apical dominance Pinching bud removes source of auxin and releases axillary buds from apical dominance Promotes growth of adventitious roots

 Auxin concentration determines if action is stimulatory or inhibitory Low concentration promotes adventitious root growth, But high concentration inhibits root growth of cuttings. 2, 4-D is used as herbicide by applying at high concentrations.

uninfected

infected

 Types of gibberellins used in horticulture

Several different gibberellins (GA) produced by plants Large, complicated molecules not synthesized Commercial gibberellins produced by fungus

Site of gibberellin production in plants:

Shoot and root tips (apical meristems) Young, expanding leaves Embryos Fruits Tubers

 Stimulate cell elongation

Dwarf plants treated with gibberellins produce normal growth (Fig.) Applied to grapes to elongate the peduncle (stem of flower cluster) and pedicels (stem of single flower), making looser cluster (Fig.)

Promotes cell division in vascular cambium Promotes seed germination Influences flower and fruit development

 Types of cytokinins used in horticulture

Several natural forms Zeatin first cytokinin isolated Synthetic cytokinins used in horticulture: Benzyladenine (BA)

Site of cytokinin production in plants:

Embryos Young leaves and fruit Apical meristems of roots

 Actions of cytokinins in plants

Promotes cell division (cytokinesis) Contributes to cell enlargement (in leaves) Stimulates differentiation of cells (with auxins)

High cytokinin and low auxin promotes shoot initiation in tissue culture, whereas reverse combination promotes root formation Moderate levels of both hormones promotes callus growth
Delays senescence in leaves (maintains and promotes synthesis of chlorophyll)

H \ / C = C / \ H H

Ethylene
Gas at physiological temperatures
Liquid form used in horticulture (ethephon)

Site of ethylene production in plants:

Throughout plants

Actions of ethylene in plants

Inhibits root and shoot elongation by blocking transport of auxins from apical meristems Stimulates leaf curling (epinasty)

Only gas having receptor

 Actions of ethylene in plants

Induces adventitious root formation by blocking (and accumulating) auxin at tip of stem cutting Enhances flow of latex in rubber trees Enhances flowering in pineapples Used as a harvest aid for cherries Stimulates abscission of leaves and fruit Promotes senescence of flowers Promotes fruit ripening (apple, tomato, citrus, coffee)

General growth inhibitor

Similar structure as gibberellins Site of abscisic acid production in plants:
All organs (e.g. roots, leaves, stems, fruits)

Actions of abscisic acid in plants

Counteracts effects of auxins and gibberellins Maintains dormancy in seeds and buds Stimulates guard cells to close stomatas (to conserve water)

Produced in response to stress

Translocation

Transport in plants
Water and dissolved nutrients move
upwards from the roots. Carbohydrates produced in leaves move to rest of plant Movement of carbohydrates through vascular system is called translocation.

How do plants transport carbohydrates?

Carbohydrates produced in photosynthetic organs (usually leaves) and often stored in roots. Movement of carbohydrates is through phloem Phloem consists of two types of cells:
Sieve cells: living cells stacked on top of each other Sieve-tube members: similar to sieve cells but found only in angiosperms (flowering plants)

Source: where the sugar starts its journey (either where it is produced or stored). Sink: where sugar ends up (either where it is needed or will be stored).

How do plants transport carbohydrates?

Sap
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Sap consists of sugar dissolved in water at high concentrations: usually between 10% and 25%. Since this is highly concentrated, plants have to use active transport to work against a diffusion gradient as part of the sap-moving process.

Pressure-flow theory
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This theory explains how sap moves in a plant from source to sink:
Sugars begin at a source and are pumped into phloem tube cells. Osmosis moves water into the cells and raises pressure. Pressure moves the sap.

Pressure-flow- 1
The leaf is a source of sugar, since it makes sugar by photosynthesis. Glucose and fructose made by photosynthesis are linked to make sucrose, which does not move easily through the cell membranes.

Pressure-flow -2
Active transport is used to load sucrose into phloem tubes against a diffusion gradient.

Pressure-flow -3
The high concentration of sucrose in the sieve tube cells of the phloem causes water to move in by osmosis, which raises pressure in the cell.

Pressure-flow - 4
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A developing fruit is one example of a sink. Sucrose may be actively transported out of phloem into the fruit cells. In a root, sucrose is converted into starch, which keeps sugar moving in by diffusion.

Pressure-flow - 5
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As the sugar concentration drops in the sieve tube cells, osmosis moves water out of the tube.

Pressure-flow - 6
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As water moves out by osmosis, the pressure in the sieve tube cells drops. The pressure difference along the column of sieve tube cells keeps the sap flowing.

Pressure-flow Review

Nutrients required by plants

Macronutrients (required in relatively large amounts)
9 macronutrients including: Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium

Micronutrients (required in trace amounts)

7 micronutrients including: Chlorine Iron Manganese

Experiment
Is suspected nutrient essential ?

Nutrients required by plants

Most nutrients needed by plants obtained from soil Most roots found in topsoil Mineral particles (nutrients) Living organisms (particularly detritivores) Humus (partly decayed organic matter)

Some plants in acidic bogs obtain Nitrogen by trapping and digesting insects (e.g. Venus flytrap) Most plants have mycorrhizal fungi that enhance nutrient uptake by increasing surface area of roots Legumes house Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules Fig.

Mycorrhizal fungi help plants absorb minerals by extending the surface area of roots.

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules help plants acquire nitrogen,are associated mostly with legumes .

 Water and ions enter root hairs and move between or through membranes of cells of cortex Casparian strips block water movement; force water through cell membranes of endoderm Endodermal cells selects nutrients that enter vascular tissue (xylem)

 Xylem includes 2 types of dead, hollow, tubular cells Vessel members: slightly large diameter; cells stacked Tracheids: smaller diameter; side to side overlap Vessel members only occur in angiosperms .

 Water molecules sticks to walls of xylem (adhesion) and to each other (cohesion) Water moves through xylem in unbroken column Air on leaf surfaces causes water to evaporate, creating a pull on the water column Essentially, osmotic pressure of air is greater than osmotic pressure within leaves Process of evaporative water loss in plants is called transpiration

Transpiration (or evapo-transpiration) is the transport of water and minerals from roots to leaves. It involves three basic steps: 1.Absorption at the roots. 2.Capillary action in the xylem vessels. 3.Evaporation at the leaf.

4-Step Process: 1.Active transport of minerals into root hairs. 2.Diffusion to the pericycle. 3.Active transport into the vascular cylinder. 4.Diffusion into the xylem.

The Casparian strip controls water movement into the vascular cylinder of the root. Water cannot move between cells. It must move through the cells by osmosis.

Cohesion: polar water molecules tend to stick together with hydrogen bonds. Adhesion: water molecules tend to stick to polar surfaces.

Cohesion and adhesion cause water to crawl up narrow tubes. The narrower the tube the higher the same mass of water can climb. Maximum height: 32 feet.

Cohesion between water molecules creates a water chain effect. As molecules are removed from the column by evaporation in the leaf, more are drawn up.

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Pressure differences created by transpiration draws water out of the roots and up the stems. This creates lower water pressure in the roots, which draws in more water.

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Evaporation at the surface of the leaf keeps the water column moving. This is the strongest force involved in transpiration.

Transpiration is the evaporation of water from the aerial parts of plants. Of all the water plant absorbs, over 95-99% is transpired to the air as water vapor.

Aerial parts of whole young plant  Lenticels (lenticular transpiration) 0.1% -woody stems have loosely packed cork cells through which gas exchange occurs-a little water is lost here.  Cutin (cuticular transpiration) 3%~10% -the waxy layer,some water is lost through diffusion.  Stomatum (stomatal transpiration) ~ 90% -in the leaves, controlled by guard cells.

Stomatum (stomatal transpiration) ~ 90%

Stomatal transpiration
Cuticle
Prevents water loss

Mesophyll
Site of photosynthesis

Cuticle Stomata
Openings allow gases and water to move in and out of leaf

Guard cells
Open and close the stomata

Importance of transpiration
O2 H 2O CO2

Photosynthesis is a process involves using CO2 and H2O releasing O2 , used to make Carbohydrates Guard cells prevent excess water loss through transpiration.

Light ` Temp. ` CO2 ` Water content ` Plant hormone

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Stomata of most plant open in the day and close at night, while CAM plants are just the opposite. Stomata opening are sensitive to red light and blue light, and blue light is more effective, it stimulates opening by a blue-light receptor: zeaxanthin.

Stomatal aperture increase with temp. within 20- 30 (the optimal).

3.CO2
Low CO2 conc. promotes stomatal opening, while high CO2 conc. inhibits stomatal opening through its acidification of the guard cell .

Stomata open when the leaf contains enough water. When there is a water shortage, they close.

5. Plant hormones
Cytokinins promotes opening of stomata. Abscisic acid inhibits opening of stomata.

Transpiration from the leaf depends on two major factors:

1. The driving force of transpiration is the Difference in water vapor gradient 2. Diffusional resistance comprises stomatal resistance and boundary layer resistance

vapor pressure gradient.

Diffusional resistance

Transpiration rate =Driving force/resistance

water vapor inside the leaf - water vapor of the air

=
stomatal resistance + boundary layer resistance

1. Light 2. Temperature 3. Humidity

4. Wind 5. Soil water

Guttation release of water droplets at leaf tips; occurs when too much water is absorbed by plant & when humidity is high

Directional movements by growth in response to a directional stimulus

Phototropic responses involve bending of growing stems toward light sources.

x auxin most likely involved

Gravitropism is the response of a plant to the earths gravitational field. Increased auxin concentration on the lower side in stems causes those cells to grow more than cells on the upper side.

stem bends up against the force of gravity negative gravitropism

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Upper side of roots oriented horizontally grow more rapidly than the lower side

roots ultimately grow downward positive gravitropism

Gravitropism = Geotropism

Thigmotropism : is directional growth response to contact with an object. eg.tendrils

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sleep movements prayer plant lower leaves during the day and raises leaves at night shamrock (Oxalis) legumes

Please write Numbers 1 to 25 for 20 MCQ and 5 T/F Ready.Steady. LETS GO

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Plants synthesize auxin from the amino acid A)cystine. B)phenylalanine. C)ornithine. D)tryptophan. E)lysine.

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__________________ is produced in large quantities in the climacteric phase of fruit ripening. A)Auxin B)Abscisic acid C)Cytokinin D)Ethylene E)Gibberellin

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The hormone responsible for phototropic responses in the growing tips of plants is: A)auxin B)cytokinin C)gibberellin D)ethylene E)abscisic acid

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_______________ stimulates the production of hydrolytic enzymes. A)Ethylene B)Auxin C)Gibberellins D)Cytokinin E)Indoleacetic acid

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Environmental signals influence the distribution of an auxin in a plant by A)decreasing the cell's sensitivity to the auxin B)causing auxin to migrate to the lighted portion C)destroying the auxin D)causing auxin to migrate into the shaded portion E)causing the plant to produce more auxin

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________________ , in combination with auxin, stimulates cell division in plants and determines the course of differentiation. A)Ethylene B)Indoleacetic acid C)Gibberellins D)Abscisic acid E)Cytokinin

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Auxin increases the _______________ of cell walls. A)plasticity B)thickness C)porosity D)layers E)rigidity

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"Foolish seedling" disease in rice is caused by A)auxins B)gibberellins C)cytokinins D)ethylene E)abscisic acid

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In vascular plants, most cytokinins are produced in the A)roots B)shoots C)flowers D)leaves E)lateral branches

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Ripening of fruits, such as bananas, is hastened by A)gibberellins B)abiscisic acid C)cytokinin D)indoleacetic acid E)ethylene

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_______________ of plants are reversible and allow the plant to advantageously orient leaves. A)Thigmotropisms B)Turgor movements C)Photoropisms D)Gravitropisms E)Abscisions

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One of the most important uses of auxins is the _______________ of abscission. A)initiation B)acceleration C)stimulation D)prevention E)reinforcing

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Which of the following plant hormones in incorrectly paired with its function? A)auxins -- responsible for apical dominance B)abscisic acid -- regulates the rate of transpiration C)cytokinins -- delays senescence (aging and decay) D)ethylene -- promotes ripening E)gibberellins -- promotes bud and seed dormancy

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Lateral stem development is controlled by the relative levels of A)cytokinins and auxins B)abscisic acid and auxins C)auxins and gibberellins D)auxins and ethylene E)cytokinins and ethylene

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Unlike tropisms, nastic movements are in response to A)darkness B)wind C)non-directional stimuli D)directional stimuli

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Tomatoes can be artificially ripened through the use of: A)auxin B)cytokinins C)gibberellins D)ethylene E)abscisic acid

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Roots grow downward as a weak _______________ response. A)negative phototropic B)positive phototropic C)negative gravitropic D)negative thigmotropic E)positive thigmotropic

A sunflower plant bends towards the sun. It is ______ response. A)Thigmonastic B)seismonastic C)thermonastic D)photonastic

The leaves of mimosa are sensitive to ______, known as Thigmotropism . A) light B)touch C) heat D)smell

Which of the following shows thigmonastic response ? A) Sun flower B) Insectivorous plants C) Lotus D) Bryophyllum

21.A hormone originating in the terminal bud of a plant suppresses the growth of lateral buds. A)True B)False 22.The response of a plant to touch is called thigmotropism. A)True B )False 23.Plant hormones can stimulate certain physiological processes while inhibiting others. A)True B)False 24.Phytochrome is the photoreceptor for phototropism. A)True B)False 25.In direct sunlight, most phytochrome is in the Pfr form. A)True B)False

Last Question

Fringed Water-lily

Stomata are found only on the upper epidermis because the lower epidermis is submerged in water.

Plant Hormones =Exciting Crash Course

Translocation = Movement towards Your Goal Transpiration = Evaporation of laziness Tropic Movements =Directional movements in response to a positive stimulus

Thank YOU !!!!

All THE BEST !!!!