Wines

Wines come from many countries all over the world!

Nearly all European countries produce wines

Some of the big producers of wine

France  Italy  Germany  Portugal  United states


Other producers
Switzerland  Austria  Australia  South Africa  Chile  Spain


All US States produce and sell wines

California  New York  Washington


Wine discussion is so complex

Regions where wine is produced  Grape varieties  How to read wine label  Government regulations of wine  Wine and food  Popular wines in restaurant menus  Basic principles in making wines


Identification of wine


Producer


winery Year in which grapes were picked and Winemaking process began for that bottle Type of grape used

Vintage
 

Varietal


Types of wine


Table wine
 

Red, white and rose wines (light beverage wines) 7-14% alcohol 7-14% alcohol + Carbon dioxide 1717-22% alcohol

Sparkling (red, pink, white)



Fortified wine (usually red)



Red wine
Hearty, full-bodied, nearly always dry full Color: deep crimson to purple to reddishreddishorange or rust  Suitable for hearty dishes  Not refrigerated  Served at cool room temperature


Red wine

White wine
Color: pale straw to bright yellow to gold  Flavor: very dry to very sweet  Sweetest white wine are meal enders  Complement fish, veal and pasta in light sauces  Served lightly chilled


White wine

Rose wines
Also referred to as blush wines  Color: pale red, or salmon  Lighter than red wines and are like white wines  Generally fresh and fruity and have a touch of sweetness  For lighter style foods


Tavel best rose wine of France, very dry, made from Grenache grape

Sparkling wines
Also known as champagne  Sekt in Germany, Spumante in Italy  Comes in red, white and blush  Methode champenoise  Wine of celebration  Complement almost any food  Served well chilled


Champagne

Fortified wines
Wine that has extra alcohol or brandy added to it  Two types:  Aperitif and dessert wines


Aperitif
to open, in Latin  are aromatized (flavored with aromatic herbs and spices)  Stimulate the appetite


Vermouth best known aromatic wine

Dubonnet

Lillet

Dessert wines


designed to end meals Rich, sweet and heavy, imbibed in small quantities like liqueurs Ex. Madeira, marsala, angelica, muscatel

Sake
Japanese beverage made from rice  14 16% alcohol content


It starts with the GRAPES..

GRAPES


Contains the natural sugar, the fruit, the liquid, the acidity, tannins


Acidity


gives taste and balance give taste (bitter) and longevity From skin and stems of grape

Tannins
 

The grapes skin comes the color of wine

Red grapes
Red wine  grapes crushed and fermented along with their skin and stems  Rose wines  skin has limited contact with the juice


White grapes
Fermented without their skin on  Lighter in color and flavor  White wine can also be made from red grapes  White wine has no tannin  Do not last as long as red wine


Red Grape Varietal

1.

Cabernet Sauvignon
(cab-er(cab-er-NAY so-vin-YON) so-vinProduces the greatest red wine of Bordeaux, Italy, California and Australia

2. 3.

Cabernet Franc (FRONK) Pinot Noir (pee-no NHWAR) (peeGreat Burgundy wines of France Make finest Champagnes

4.

Merlot (mair-LOW) (mairBordeaux, Italy and California Smoother and less tannic

5.

Gamay Beaujolais (gam-AY BO-zha-lay) or (gamBO-zhaNapa Gamay

Light, fresh and fruity red wine from Gamay grape First produced in Beaujolais, France

6.

Zinfandel (ZIN-fun-dell) (ZIN-funGrown exclusively in California Used to make inexpensive jug wines

7.

Syrah (sir-AH) (sirFrance and California, Shiraz in Australia

8.

Grenache (gren-OSH) (grensweet grape, can make light colored wine ex. Tavel, Rioja wines of Spain

9.

Tempranillo (TEMP-rah-NEE-yo) (TEMP-rah-NEEMain red grape of Spain

10.

Sangiovese (SAN-gee-oh-VAY-zee) (SAN-gee-oh-VAYItalian grape makes Chianti (kee-ON-tee) (kee-ONBlended with Cabernet makes Super Tuscans

11.

Nebbiolo (neb-ee-OH-loh) (neb-ee-OHItalian grape from Piedmont region Blended to make Barolo and barbaresco

Chianti

12.

Barbera
Italian grape

13.

Lambruscho (lam-BROOS-koe) (lam-BROOSNortherrn Italy Tastes like soft drink than wine

White grape varietals

1.

Chardonnay (SHAR-den-NAY) (SHAR-denProduces dry wines strong body and disticntive flavor Grown all over Europe, Australia and New Zealand

2.

Sauvignon Blanc/Fume Blanc

Predominant white grape in Bordeaux France Used to make Graves, Sauternes, Sancerre and Pouilly Fume)

3.

Semillon
Used for blending with chardonnay, graves and sauternes

4.

Reisling
Use to make sweeter German wines Can produce late-harvest sweet wines late-

5.

Chenin Blanc
Makes Vouvray

6.

Gewurzttraminer ( ge-VURTZ-tra-mee-ner) ge-VURTZ-tra-meeSpicy white grape of French Alsace region and parts of Germany Can produce late-harvest sweet wines late-

7.

Pinot Blanc
From Alsace France, California and Italy For sparkling wines

8.

Muscat
Red or white Made all over the world Asti Spumante white Muscat

9.

MullerMuller-Thurgau
Widely grown grape in Germany

Asti Spumante

Factors in wine making

  

Grapes Soil Weather

  

Warm weather produces ripe grapes Riper and sweeter grapes more alcoholic Cool weather produces lighter wines

Winemaker

How Wine is Made



Crushing


A mixture of grape pulp, skins, seeds, and stems A chemical process by which yeast acts on sugar to produce alcohol and carbon dioxide

Fermenting


Fermentation
Ends when all sugar has been converted into alcohol or alcohol level reaches 15% which kills the yeast  Carbon dioxide dissipates except in sparkling wine like champagne


Wine making (vinification)



Fermentation  Process by which grape juice turning into wine

Sugar + yeast = Alcohol + carbon dioxide (CO2)

How Wine is Made

 

Racking Maturing


Aging a wine Fining Clarifying

Filtering
 

Bottling

Other ways to name wine

Broad general type (generic name)  Brand name


Means of building an identity  One belongs exclusively to a vineyard or shipper who produces the wine and takes resposibility of the quality


Tasting wine
  

Look at a wine Swirl it around Smell it

Relationship to Food


Relationship


White Wines


Poultry, fish, and egg entrees Any game or red meat Any course, from dry to sweet

Red Wines


Sparkling Wines


The heavier the food, the heavier the wine