Gergo Szakmany EE87022

AUTOMOTIVE SENSORS

Indoor/outdoor temperature sensors Seat belt tension Oil sensor Rain sensor Water coolant temperature Oxygen sensor Accelerometer

Passenger Occupancy

Fuel level

Parking sensor Speedometer Odometer Tachometer GPS Tire pressure monitor Radar sensor Anti thief sensors Wheel speed

ENGINE SENSORS

Oxygen sensor Oil sensors Fuel gauge

Dip - stick

O2 SENSORS
Miniature voltage generator Compare the exhaust O2 level and outside air O2 level

CROSS SECTION OF THE SENSOR

NERNST CELL

RT pO ln Vs ! pO 4F

air 2 exh. 2

O2 SENSORS

High voltage: fuel mixture rich, little unburned oxigen Low voltage: fuel mixture lean, excess oxygen

OIL SENSORS

On-board oil sensors and oil analyzers installed

Oil pressure: Hydrostatic force per unit area Age of the oil in the engine: dielectric constant of the oil. Parallel plate capacitor separated by oil. An oil dielectric tester correlates to the acidity of the oil and indicates the level of oil degradation

FUEL GAUGE

Inaccurate due to its mechanism, shape of fuel tank Gauge: resistance , current , bimetallic cools, straighten out, pull needle form full to empty. Newer car: resistor output into a microprocessor compensate shape of tank Damping needle movment up hill , down hill , turn

Float

ROTATION SENSORS: SPEEDOMETER/TACHOMETER/ODOMETE R

SENSORS BASED ON HALL EFFECT

Speed Wheel speed Engine ignition timing Tahometer Odometer

TACHOMETER

SPEEDOMETER

Transmission and driveshaft rotate mandrel too permanent magnet rotate rotating magnetic field force act on speed cup electrical curretn flows (Eddy current) drag torque needle rotate same direction as magnetic field

Transmission output rotate with a toothed metal disk at the end Stationary detector covers a magnetic coil Teeth move past the coil interrupt the magnetic field series of pulses sent to computer

ACCURACY OF THE SPEEDOMETER

Percent error = 100x("standard diameter"/"new diameter" - 1 For example, a standard tire is "185/70R14" with diameter = 185x70/1270 + 14 = 24.196850 in. Another is "195/50R15" with 195x50/1270 + 15 = 22.677165 in. Replacing the first tire (and wheels) with the second (on 15" wheels), a speedometer reads 24.19../22.67..=1.0670139 times the correct speed or 6.7% too high.

WHEEL SPEED SENSOR

For ABS one need to know the speed of each wheel

ACCELEROMETER

Modern accelerometers based on simplest MEMS design Mass-damper-spring Air bag deployment system rapid negative acceleration Electronic stability control
tether

Si

ANALOG DEVICES ADXL50 ACCELEROMETER

Two capacitator configuration Measure difference between two capacitance

RAIN SENSOR

Based on total internal reflection LED or Infrared light source Photodiode Amplifier CPU wipers on, windows up

RAIN SENSOR

Offset amplification raise the sensitivity of the sensor: night driving, high speed

TIRE PRESSURE MONITOR

RF communication with on board computer

CAR ALARM SYSTEM

Simplest form, it is nothing but one or more sensors connected to some sort of siren Most modern car alarm systems: An array of sensors that can include switches, pressure sensors and motion detectors A siren, often able to create a variety of sounds so that you can pick a distinct sound for your car A radio receiver to allow wireless control from a key fob An auxiliary battery so that the alarm can operate even if the main battery gets disconnected A computer control unit that monitors everything and sounds the alarm -- the "brain" of the system

DOOR SENSOR

In a closed-circuit system, the electric circuit is closed when the door is shut. This means that as long as the door is closed, electricity can flow from one end of the circuit to the other. But if somebody opens the door, the circuit is opened, and electricity can't flow. This triggers an alarm. In an open-circuit system, opening the door closes the circuit, so electricity begins to flow. In this system, the alarm is triggered when the circuit is completed

SHOCK SENSOR

TILT SENSOR

PRESSURE SENSOR

Breaking glass has its own sound frequency Air pressure brief change as door open, windows break, even if the inside outside pressure is the same

RADAR DETECTORS AND JAMMERS

Detects radar/laser signals Try to disturb the reflected waves Emits jamming signals Warn the driver