(NotesSynopsis) ME FOE21112 (2) ES UNIT1

BASICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
UNIT NO.1 Introduction to environment, ecology and ecosystems Authors Snehal Popli, B. R.Shah,R.Rajagopalan,S.P.Agarwala, Dr. N. S. Varandani, Dr. Gourkrishna Presented by Prof. UMESH KUMAR
Environmental science & Engineering_ MEFGI_ Prof. Umesh Kumar
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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

Environmental science is the systematic and scientific study of our Environment. The science of Environment studies is a multidisciplinary science because it comprises various branches of studies like chemistry, physics, medical science, life science, agriculture, public health, sanitary engineering etc. Environmental Science is the study of the air, water, and land surrounding an organism or a community, which ranges from a small area to Earths entire biosphere. It includes the study of the impact of humans on the environment
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ENVIRONMENT
Surroundings A view
for sustaining life in earth An opportunity to observe the nature It teaches people to understand their role in the nature. It teaches to live with limited natural resources to avoid future disasters It gives an opportunity to study the attitude of human beings towards the environment
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ENVIRONMENT
The
word environment is derived from the French word Environner meaning that which surrounding or to encircle. The word environment is most commonly used to describe natural environment means the sum of all living and non-living things that surround an organisms or group of organisms. It is a creation of God and precious gift given to us by God.
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ENVIRONMENT
We
are living in two worlds. 1) Natural worldplant, animal,soils,air,and water 2) Social institutions and artifacts That we create for ourselves using science, Technology and political organization. Eg.- Buildings ,transport vehicles, power plant. Both worlds are essential to our lives.
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CONT
Environment
can be defined as the sum total of physical, chemical and biological factors which act upon an organism or an ecological community and determine its form and nature of survival. environment never remains static for any living organism, it changes with time as well as change from place to place.
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The
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
The
branch of study concerned with environmental issues. has a broader coverage than environmental science and includes the social aspects of the environment.
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SCOPE OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Scope of environmental studies is very broad based and it includes a large number of areas and aspects. Few basic aspects:1) Natural Resources Their conservation and management. 2) Ecology And Biodiversity 3) Environmental Pollution And Control 4) Social Issues In Relation To Development And Environment. 5) Human Population And Environment.

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CONT.

Environment belongs to all and is thus important for all. Environmental is one subject that is actually global in nature. Environmental studies is also very important since it deals with the most basic or routine issue like safe and clean drinking water , hygienic living conditions ,clean and fresh air, fertile land healthy food. Environmental studies helps to solve biggest environmental problems like acid rain, global warming, ozone depletion and resources depletion.
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ENVIRONMENT Human Environment: It includes natural and physical environment and the relationship of people with that environment including all combinations of physical , biological , cultural and economic factors in a given area. Physical Environment : The part of the human environment that includes purely physical factors ( such as soil , climate and water supply). Natural Environment : The natural environment encompasses all living and nonliving occurring naturally on earth.
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PARTS OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

Biotic Or The Living Components :These include plants, animals, human being and microorganisms Abiotic Or The Non-living Components:These include everything that affect the biotic components ,such as sunlight, water, air, soil etc. It also include atmospheric and other factors such as temperature, rainfall , and wind directions

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COMPONENTS OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

The Natural Environment comprises of 4 spheres :

Biosphere Atmosphere
Lithosphere
Hydrosphere
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ATMOSPHERE
Atmosphere
is the mixture of various gases and water vapour and subatomic particles. The Major gases in a pollution free dry air are Nitrogen (78%), Oxygen (21%), Argon (0.9- 1.0 %), carbon dioxide. Minor Gases:Neon, Helium, Methane, Hydrogen, Carbon Monoxide, Ozone
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CONSTITUENT

CONCENTRATION (
% BY VOLUME)
Nitrogen (N2) Oxygen (O2) Argon (Ar) Carbon Dioxide (Co2) Neon (Ne) Krypton (Kr) Methane (CH4) Helium (He) Ozone (03) carbon monoxide Hydrogen (H2) Nitrous Oxide
78.09 20.95 0.93 0.032 0.0018 0.0001 0.00015 0.00052 0.000002 0.00001 0.00005 0.0000006
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STRUCTURE OF ATMOSPHERE
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HYDROSPHERE
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HYDROSPHERE
is in fact the water environment. 70% of earth is covered by water. Out of which, about 97% of the water is salty and is present in oceans and seas, 2% is present as ice caps and the remaining 1% as fresh water we use variously.
It
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HYDROSPHERE
Water
is available in seas, oceans, lake , rivers ,streams ,ponds ,glaciers , polar ice caps and ground water. Water is the main constituent in all the living organism and acts as an important resource for human life Water is very essential for life and it is believed that the first sighs of life were found in water.
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LITHOSPHERE:
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LITHOSPHERE:

Lithosphere is the solid component of earth. It consists of crust, mantle, and core Generally, lithosphere means the hard surface (crust)of earth and not the entire inside of the planet It consists of different types of rock, minerals and organic matter. Land is very important for use in agriculture, industrialization, and transportation. Lithosphere plays an important role as it not only produces food for human being and animals but also the decomposition of organic wastes is carried out by a host of microorganism in the soil. 25
BIOSPHERE
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BIOSPHERE

Biosphere is the thin outer crust of the earths surface ,hydrosphere and atmosphere where life exists. As biosphere is life bearing layer so it has close interaction with other layer of hydrosphere and atmosphere. It covers all types of life possible on earth. It is that part of earth where living (biotic) organisms exist and interact with one another and also with the non-living (Abiotic) components.
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IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE ENVIRONMENT

As
we know , Technology is developed for the fulfillment of human or human wellbeing. The application of technology results in human wellbeing but not without causing environmental disruptions / effects which undermines the wellbeing. No technology can be completely free of environmental impacts.
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HOW DOES TECHNOLOGY ADDRESS HUMAN NEEDS AND WANTS?

Information Communication Bio-Related and Agriculture Medical Environmental
Technology
Manufacturing & Construction Transportation
Energy and Power
Nanotechnology
THE DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY HAVING TWO EFFECT

1)
Positive effect Negative effect

a) Direct Effect b) Indirect Effect
2)

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POSITIVE EFFECT Water treatment plants help us to reuse of dirty water. Wind turbines help to reduce the needs for coal, electric and other natural resources. The Japanese latest experiment the hydro car reduce the need for burning fossil fuels . To improve life style & safety of human life, as well as improve the environment of this planet for the future. The science of sewage treatment is probably the greatest environmental achievement of mankind.
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NEGATIVE EFFECT

a) Direct Effect
It includes accidents , release of pollutants affecting human health , exhaustion of resources and changes in landscapes. b) Indirect Effects: These effects interfere with the vital services supplied to humanity by natural ecological systems.

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Depletion of ozone layer , which protects the life on earth from damaging UV-B radiations is called primarily by CFC emissions. Excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers is decreasing the inherent fertility of soils. The sea level rise due to melting of ice-caps in Antarctic region due to global warming , is frequently disturbing the coastal areas. Exploitation of resources leading to exhaustion. Testing of atomic bombs may cause volcanoes and earth quakes.

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ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS:
Environmental
engineering is based on the design and manipulation of environmental processes to obtain a desired outcome. Environmental engineers apply their knowledge of the natural sciences (chemistry, biology and microbiology) with their expertise in engineering to solve,prevent or correct environmental problems.
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Design or manage systems for water distribution and collection, water treatment solid waste handling and processing facilities , landfills and air treatment plants. Work with regulatory agencies to review proposals for environmental equipment. Collecting data and assisting in product design. Developing improved air quality models and pollution control measures. Working with an environmental health and safety board on various policies and procedures. Developing mitigation measures to ensure safety
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ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION

Environmental Education is recognized as the process that would help individuals to acquire essential knowledge and skills to take positive action towards a better environment.
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ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION FOCUSES ON

An
awareness of the environment and its problem. Basic knowledge and understanding of the environment . Skills to solve environmental problems. Sense of responsibility and urgency towards environment so as to ensure appropriate actions to solve environmental problems
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ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
degradation is the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as air, water and soil; the destruction of ecosystem and the extinction of wildlife. Environmental degradation is caused by direct or indirect human activity. Natural event also result in deterioration of an environment. Earthquakes , volcanoes and intense rainfall affect the environment in negative ways. 38
Environmental
CONT..
Mining
, Deforestation , fossil fuel burning and pollution are just some of human activities. In the developing countries three Ps i.e population , poverty and pollution are the key factors for rapid environmental degradation. Effects Of Environmental Degradation: Wildlife and their habitats are being eliminated. Water Quality is unsatisfactory.
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ECOLOGY
The
study of relationship between organisms and their environment. word ecology is derived from Greek word oikos meaning house , habitation or place of living and logos meaning study.
The
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Species: It includes only one type of organisms. Example-Pigeon Population : A population includes all members of one species that live in same area. Ex- All the pigeons in India . Community : A community includes all of different species that live in a the same area. Ex-All the pigeons, dogs, tree etc .that live in India. Ecosystem : All the communities in an area and the abiotic factors that affect them. Ex-The Indian community plus the cars, building , air , water etc.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
development (SD) is a pattern of resources use, that aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for future generations. Every generation should leave air, water and soil as pure and unpolluted as possible. Sustainability mean to sustain human institutions and ecological systems in a healthy and functional state
Sustainable
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CONT

Sustain means operating in such a way that a community doesnt use up all resources. Sustainable Development (SD) implies economic growth together with the protection of environmental quality, each reinforcing the other. Sustainable Development, thus, is maintaining a balance between the human needs to improve lifestyles and feeling of well-being on one hand, and preserving natural resources and ecosystems, on which we and future generations depend.
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COMPONENTS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

1) Economic Development:It includes utilisation of natural resources ,agricultural development, Industrialisation, creating job opportunities and raising the quality of life 2) Social Development:It includes providing the basic needs of life, like food, drinking water, fresh air, cloths education, health and sanitation. 3) Environmental Protection: It includes providing safe environment by means of providing clean air, water, and soil
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MEASURES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Using appropriate Technology Reduce, Recycle and Reuse Approach Promoting environmental awareness approach Resource utilization as per carrying capacity Improving quality of life including social, cultural and economic.
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(NotesSynopsis) ME FOE21112 (2) ES UNIT1

Cargado por

Copyright:

Formatos disponibles

BASICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Environmental science & Engineering_ MEFGI_ Prof. Umesh Kumar

Environmental science & Engineering_ MEFGI_ Prof. Umesh Kumar

SCOPE OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

PARTS OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

COMPONENTS OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

The Natural Environment comprises of 4 spheres :

Environmental science & Engineering_ MEFGI_ Prof. Umesh Kumar

Environmental science & Engineering_ MEFGI_ Prof. Umesh Kumar

IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE ENVIRONMENT

HOW DOES TECHNOLOGY ADDRESS HUMAN NEEDS AND WANTS?

Energy and Power

THE DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY HAVING TWO EFFECT

Positive effect Negative effect

ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION FOCUSES ON

COMPONENTS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

MEASURES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

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