PHILIPPINE COASTAL STORAGE & PIPELINE CORPORATION

Welcome to

Defensive Driving
FERRY B VILLANUEVA
10 OCTOBER 2011

Defensive Driving

This course is designed to help you, an experienced driver, recognize the need for improvement. In the following pages, you will learn about: Attitudes and Driving Driving Rules Accident Prevention

Introduction
Many of us have actually been involved in some type of accident. Most of the time, we feel it is the other driver's fault. Most drivers believe they are better-than-average but there is room for improvement in all of us.

Defensive Driving

Driving Safety Statistics

Someone is injured every 18 seconds Over 2 million injuries annually are disabling A person dies in a crash every 11 minutes Motor vehicle accidents are the most common cause of death 1 in 4 fatal work injuries involves a vehicle accident

Driver's license in the Philippines

TYPES OF DRIVERS LICENSE Student Permit - Must be at least 16 years old - Must be accompanied by professional driver Non-Professional - Must be at least 17 years old - Applicable for restrictions 1,2 & 4 Professional - Must be at least 18 years old

Driver's license Restrictions

Restriction codes:
Rest Rest Rest Rest Rest Rest Rest Rest #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 Motorcycles/Motorized Tricycles Vehicle up to 4500 kg Gross Vehicle Weight Vehicle above 4500 kg Gross Vehicle Weight Automatic Clutch up to 4500 kg Gross Vehicle Weight Automatic Clutch above 4500 kg Gross Vehicle Weight Articulated Vehicle 1600 kg Gross Vehicle Weight & Below Articulated Vehicle 1601 kg up to 4500 kg Gross Vehicle Weight Articulated Vehicle 4501 kg & above Gross Vehicle Weight

"Gross weight" shall mean the measured weight of a motor vehicle plus the maximum allowable carrying capacity in merchandise, freight and/or passenger, as determined by the Commissioner of Land Transportation.

The Smith Systems

- 5 Keys can teach you how to recognize and use the ones that surround your vehicle.

1. Aim High In Steering 2. Get The Big Picture 3. Keep Your Eyes Moving 4. Leave Yourself An Out 5. Make Sure They See You

The Smith Systems

1. Aim High In Steering

The Smith Systems

2. Get The Big Picture

The Smith Systems

3. Keep Your Eyes Moving

The Smith Systems

4. Leave Yourself An Out

The Smith Systems

5. Make Sure They See You

Defensive driving is often defined as

preventing crashes before they occur, it is the demonstration of an attitude, awareness and driving skills such as: Stay alert and keep eyes moving so that you can keep track of what is happening at all times; Look for trouble spots developing around you; Have a plan of action if the other driver does the wrong thing; and Know that the law requires drivers to protect each other from their own mistakes.

Attitudes and Driving

Safe drivers:
Have a positive attitude Drive defensively Drive decisively Drive dependably
Recognize that attitudes change due to surrounding circumstances and therefore can affect your driving.

Attitudes and Driving

Attitude: Road Rage To deal with road rage situations: Put distance between you and the "rager" Do not try to "get even" or "teach them a lesson" Ignore the person causing the problem Drive to a public area Do not drive home Call the police

After an incident, allow yourself to calm down: Take deep breaths Listen to your radio, and If necessary, pull to the side of the road for a few minutes make sure the perpetrator has moved on before pulling over

Attitudes and Driving

Defensive Driving Attitude A defensive driver takes every reasonable precaution to prevent traffic accidents, over and above what the law requires. To become a defensive driver, "yield" rather than "take" the right-of-way. Adjust your behavior to handle: Unexpected actions by other drivers and pedestrians Unpredictable and continually changing factors of light, weather, road and traffic conditions How you feel Be dedicated to error-free driving

Decisive Driving
Before you start each day, perform a simple pretrip inspection including the following:

Attitudes and Driving

Brakes - Brake fluid must be at MAX level - Break pads should be checked Lightings - Head, signal, brake, park lights - Have an extra bulb and emergency flashlight Oil - Must be at desired level and regular change - Must have an extra liter during the trip Water - Level at radiator must be checked - Level at the windshield wiper Battery -Check for corrosion at the terminal - Maintenance type must have sufficient level Air - Check for correct tire pressure including the spare tire - Check the tire for thread level and bulges Gas - Check for sufficient gas level and gauge is operational Self - Check if you are fit to drive

Attitudes and Driving Decisive Driving: Safe Practices Remember the following: Don't rely on another vehicle's signal lights alone. Confirm the driver's intention before you move into his or her path. Obey traffic laws-o Halt completely at stop signs o At controlled intersections, yield to the vehicle on your right if both of you arrive at the same time o Drive within the speed limit o Use your signals before initiating a turn

Do not assume that everyone knows how to drive in inclement weather. Do not drink and drive. Don't hurry, be a courteous & considerate driver.

Attitudes and Driving

Decisive Driving: Check It Out All three vehicles have: Crossed the white painted stop-line Poor lane positions

Attitudes and Driving

Dependable Driving Your senses play an important role in being a dependable driver: Sight - your vision decreases as speed increases, so make sure to obey all speed limits and keep alert, also by watching for turn signals and brake lights. Feelings - can warn us of a deficiency in some area of driving, for instance you are cornering too fast or have already started to skid. Hearing - communicate with other drivers by using your horn and realize they will do the same.

Attitudes and Driving

Dependable Driving: Check It Out Vehicles with adequate space for 25-30 mph on a rainy day Vehicles with not enough space for the weather Headlights are on during periods of reduced visibility Two Guidelines: 1.Whenever windshield wipers are turned on, and 2.When 10% of all traffic has lights on

Attitudes and Driving

Attitudes and Driving 3-Rules of Night Time Driving and Driving at Dawn Be conspicuous - help other drivers see your vehicle. Be courteous - recognize that oncoming headlights can temporarily 'blind' you for 3 to 8 seconds. Be cautious - keep the outside and inside of your windshield clean to minimize glare.

Attitudes and Driving

Common Driving Distractions Some common distractions include: Looking at a scenery Looking for route signs Unfamiliar situations such as, staring at an auto accident Problems inside the vehicle such as, using a car phone Lighting a cigarette A bee in the car Recognizing someone you know

Attitudes and Driving

Driving Distractions: Calculating the Distance Suppose a person is driving a car at 55 mph (80.67 feet/second) during the day on a dry, level road. He sees a pedestrian and applies the brakes. What is the shortest stopping distance than can reasonably be expected? Reaction time is 1.5 seconds. So, distance the car will travel before brakes are applied = 120.9 ft Stopping time once the brakes engage = 134.4 ft. The conclusion is that: Total Stopping Distance = 120.9 ft + 134.4 ft = 255.3 ft Reaction time is greatly affected by the alertness of the driver.

Attitudes and Driving

Faster Speeds Faster speeds increase: Accidents Accident severity Fuel consumption Maintenance cost

Adjust your speed to the driving conditions and not to the speed limit. This is especially true for expressway ramps and curves, where posted "recommended" limits are developed for cars traveling in ideal conditions.

Attitudes and Driving

Seat Belts Seat belts: Reduce serious and fatal injuries by 60% Keep you inside the vehicle where your chances of survival are 25 times as great as if you were thrown from the vehicle Enhance your chances of survival Just as important to wear around town

Attitudes and Driving

Rural Driving Extra care should be used at rural intersections. When you approach a rural intersection: Stop Look left Then look right, check left again If clear, proceed

While driving in the country, look as far ahead as you can see. Look to the next curve or at least one mile in the open country.

Attitudes and Driving

Summary Safe driving involves: Making correct, timely decision based on defensive driving techniques employed in a dependable manner. Good driving demands: You have the proper attitude and concentration on the driving task to prevent you from being distracted or lulled into a false sense of security.

Maintain a positive attitude!

Driving Rules

Introduction Be: Knowledgeable Skilled Alert In this lesson, youll learn about the five basic driving rules that should become part of your driving habits. They are: Be far-sighted Move eyes continuously Take in the whole picture Maintain a space cushion Communicate

Driving Rules

Five Basic Driving Rules: Rule 1 1. Be far-sighted:

In the city 1 block In the country next curve or hill, as far as you can see

Driving Rules

Five Basic Driving Rules: Rule 2 2. Move eyes continuously: Since you can only see clearly with your central vision, it is important to constantly shift your focus. Turn your head when necessary Every 2 seconds Dont stare o Scan front area o Use mirrors o Check the sides

Driving Rules

Five Basic Driving Rules: Rule 3 3. Take in the whole picture:

Dont forget: o Side and rear view o Use mirrors Be aware of: o Intersections o Alleyways o Pedestrians o Parked vehicles

Driving Rules

Five Basic Driving Rules: Rule 4 4. Maintain space cushion: Time intervals: Car/Van = 2 seconds Truck/Bus = 3 seconds Tractor trailer = 4 seconds

Driving Rules

Five Basic Driving Rules: Rule 5 5. Communicate: Turn signals Hand signals Friendly horn Eye contact Lane position

Driving Rules

Five Basic Driving Rules: Summary 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Be far-sighted Move eyes continuously Take in the whole picture Maintain a space cushion Communicate

Driving Rules

Slowing Down The following steps will greatly reduce the likelihood of someone rear-ending you: Slow down Signal early

Driving Rules

Summary In this lesson, youve learned about the following five basic rules to help in your driving experiences: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Be far-sighted Move eyes continuously Take in the whole picture Maintain a space cushion Communicate

Accident Prevention

Introduction Chance does not alone determine the severity of an accident. Every close call, every minor fender bender should be analyzed so that the error can be eliminated from future driving. In this lesson, you will learn about accident prevention.

Accident Prevention

Standard Accident Prevention Formula A standard accident prevention formula consists of these three steps: See the hazard Understand the defensive driving steps required Act in time to prevent an accident

Accident Prevention

Two-Vehicle Crash Positions The four basic two-vehicle collision types include: Intersection Rear end Passing Head-on

Accident Prevention

Intersection Accidents When approaching an intersection take the following defensive steps: 1. Slow down and expect the unexpected (take in the whole picture and move your eyes continually). Show your intentions by lane position and signals (communicate). Watch out for the other driver and yield the right-of-way if necessary.

2. 3.

Accident Prevention

Collision with Vehicle Ahead or Behind The steps to protect yourself from this type of collision are: Maintain an adequate space cushion Take in the whole picture watch the cars far ahead for turn signals, brake lights, drifting to the right or left Be far-sighted look beyond vehicles directly ahead of you to see what obstructions, traffic patterns or hazards might make them alter their course or speed Initiate action - be decisive

Accident Prevention

Backing Accidents When backing your vehicle make sure to: 1. Entering to make sure there are no hidden objects that might cause problems 2. Back immediately after checking to assure that conditions don't change 3. If you can position your vehicle to avoid backing, this is the best approach

Accident Prevention

Passing or Being Passed Accidents Awareness of your environment is critical to the safety in moving with traffic. Follow safe vehicle passing procedures. When you are following a slow moving vehicle, your first step should be to ask yourself if the pass is really necessary. If you decide to pass a vehicle: 1. Take in the whole picture, make sure the road is clear and no one else is starting to pass you 2. Make sure there is enough distance to pass safely 3. Signal your intentions - communicate 4. Pass quickly 5. Resume speed

Accident Prevention

Head-On Accidents Remember: Ground viewing habits Centrifugal force Left turns

Accident Prevention

Summary In this lesson, youve learned how to prevent accidents following the five basic driving rules: Be far-sighted Move eyes continuously Take in the whole picture Maintain a space cushion Communicate