Paint Paint

Paint Paint can can be be defined defined as as aa fluid fluid

material material which which when when spread spread over over aa
surface surface in in aa thin thin layer, layer, will will form form aa
solid, solid, cohesive cohesive and and adherent adherent film film. .
Generally Generally used used for for decorative decorative
purposes purposes since since long long. .
Ingredients of Paint Ingredients of Paint
y Liquid paint contains three major ingredients
together
y Major ingredients are
x Pigments (including Extenders)
x Binder (or film former)
x Solvent or Thinner
Pigment is dispersed in the binder and constitutes the paint
film. The properties depend largely on the nature of binder
as well as pigment.
Solvent is used to render the pigment/binder mixture
sufficiently fluid for application as a thin film after which it is
lost by evaporation and plays no part in the performances of
the dry paint film.
y Other additives used are
x Driers
x Anti-skinning
x Anti settling agents
x Fungicides
x Surface active agents assist pigment dispersion
Pigments Pigments
y Finely divided solids, insoluble in the media
y Average particle size vary from 0.2-10 m
y May be organic or inorganic
y Confers the following properties
Colour aesthetic appeal
Obliteration or hiding power
Protective properties
Corrosion repression
Classification of Pigments Classification of Pigments
Pigments
Inorganic
Natural
True Pigments Extenders
Manufactured
Extenders True Pigments
Organic(Manufactured)
y Extenders are inorganic in nature
y They differ from true pigments in their
behaviour when dispersed in organic media
y True pigments exhibit opacity or hiding power
in varying degree, whereas extenders are
practically transparent.
y Extenders are used in certain types of paints
(notably undercoats, primers and some low-
gloss finishes) to modify or control physical
properties like gloss and flow properties.
y They make no contribution to colour (unless
impure) or to opacity.
y A pigmented film is more weather
resistant than an unpigmented film of the
same binder.
y Majority of natural pigments are oxides or
hydroxides of iron, may also contain clay
or siliceous matter.
y These colours are less bright than
corresponding manufactured oxides and
hydroxides.
Inorganic and organic pigments
y Manufactured inorganic pigments contain
whites and wide range of colours
including yellows, reds, oranges, greens
and blues.
y Carbon black is usually included in
inorganic pigments.
y Organic pigments cover the entire
spectrum range, but brilliance and opacity
vary considerably.
y There are no white organic pigments
Inorganic and organic pigments
y Organic pigments are generally brighter
than inorganic counterpart
y Chemical constitution of pigments and
dyes is set out in the colour index.
Wetting agent Wetting agent
y Wetting is the ability of a liquid to maintain contact with
a solid surface, resulting from intermolecular interactions
when the two are brought together. The degree of wetting
(wettability) is determined by a force balance
between adhesive and cohesive forces.
y Wetting is important in the bonding or adherence of two
materials. Wetting and the surface forces that control
wetting are also responsible for other related effects,
including so-called capillary effects. Regardless of the
amount of wetting, the shape of a liquid drop on a rigid
surface is roughly a truncated sphere. Various degrees of
wetting are summarized in the table.
Wetting of different fluids. A shows a fluid with very little
wetting, while C shows a fluid with more wetting. A has a
large contact angle, and C has a small contact angle.
Droplet of water on an ideal surface.
Adhesive Adhesive forces between a forces between a liquid liquid and and solid solid cause a liquid drop to spread across cause a liquid drop to spread across
the the surface surface. . Cohesive Cohesive forces within the liquid cause the drop to ball up and forces within the liquid cause the drop to ball up and
avoid contact with the surface. avoid contact with the surface.
Contact
angle
Degree of
wetting
Sol./Liq.
interactions
Liq./Liq.
interactions
= 0
Perfect
wetting
strong weak
0 < < 90
high
wettability
strong strong
weak weak
90 < 180
low
wettability
weak strong
= 180
perfectly
non-wetting
weak strong
The contact angle (), as seen in Figure 1, is the angle at which the liquid-
vapor interface meets the solid-liquid interface. The contact angle is
determined by the resultant between adhesive and cohesive forces. The
tendency of a drop to spread out over a flat, solid surface increases as the
contact angle decreases. Thus, the contact angle provides an inverse
measure of wettability.
Wetting agent Wetting agent
y Surfactants are compounds that lower
the surface tension of a liquid, allowing
easier spreading, and lowering of
the interfacial tension between two
liquids, or between a liquid and a solid.
Surfactants may act as detergents, wetting
agents, emulsifiers, foaming agents,
and dispersants.
Dispersing Agent Dispersing Agent
y A dispersant or a dispersing agent or
a plasticizer or a superplasticizer is either a
non-surface active polymer or a surface-
active substance added to a suspension,
usually a colloid, to improve the
separation of particles and to
prevent settling or clumping. Dispersants
consist normally of one or
more surfactants, but may also be gases.
y In order to provide optimal performance,
pigment particles must act independently
of each other in the coating film and thus
must remain well dispersed throughout
manufacture, storage, application, and film
formation. Unfortunately, colloidal
dispersions such as the pigment
dispersions in liquid coatings are
inherently unstable, and they must be
stabilized against the flocculation that
might occur.
Anti Anti- -sagging agent sagging agent
y Rheological additive used to
prevent sagging in wet coatings where it
increases the viscosity.
y Sagging
Coating defect: unsightly gravity-driven
flow of a paint film applied on vertical
surfaces. Caused by to too much flow,
often related to application technique or
environment. Sagging can be prevented by
rendering the paint pseudo-plastic, but
this may deteriorate the leveling.
Anti Anti- -settling agent settling agent
y Additive that impedes sedimentation of
pigments, extenders and fillers by
imparting increased low shear viscosity or
a small yield value to liquid paints.
Anti Anti- -skinning agent skinning agent
y Substance added to a material to prevent
or retard the processes of oxidation or
polymerization which result in the
formation of an insoluble skin on the
surface of the wet coating.
Anti Anti- -floating/flooding agent floating/flooding agent
y Additive preventing floating/flooding defects
in coating applications.
y Floating/Flooding
Coating defect: concentration of pigments at
the surface of the paint (floating) or in stains
and patches inside the coating film (flooding).
This defect leads to a change in color.
Fungicidal Agent Fungicidal Agent
y Substance capable of destroying or
preventing the growth of fungi. Fungicides
do not provide any residual protection
from future mould growth.
Ref:
http://www.specialchem4coatings.com/resources/glossar
y/index.aspx?id=A
Pigmentary Properties Pigmentary Properties
y Particle Size: influences gloss, opacity, freedom
from settlement and consistency
y Size or avg diameter is usually expressed in m
(m=0.001mm)
y Not uniform particle size. Varies over a range
y Modern pigments are generally free from both
coarse particles and ultrafines.
y In many natural pigments and extenders the
particle sizes are greater than those of prepared
pigments.
y Determination of Particle Size: by sieve
analysis method.
y Sieving methods are of little use for
pigments at present time as these are
supplied with a particle size ranging from
<10 m
Particle Size Distribution Particle Size Distribution
y A pigment contains a range of particle
sizes. Hence it is usual to express this as a
particle size distribution, i.e. the
percentage (by no or wt) occurring
between certain limits, e.g. below 0.1 m,
0.1 to 0.2 m, 0.2 to 0.3 m and so on.
Particles % by wt or no Particles % by wt or no vs vs Particle Particle
Size Size
y A very large no of methods have been suggested
for the determination of particles size distribution.
1. Sedimentation Methods based on Stokes
equation. Pigments are separated into a no of
fractions under gravity or by the use of centrifuge
v = [2r
2
(
1

2
)g]
9
v=velocity of fall of the particle
r=radius of particle
1=
density of particle

2=
density of liquid =coeff of viscosity of the liquid
g=gravitational constant
y Also r = d/2 v=h/t
d=[18
1

2
)gt]

All seuimentation metous aie slow anu also ave a lowei

limit of about m below wic te settlement is too
slow Time iequiieu foi sepaiation can be ieuuceu by use of
a centiifuge
Air Elutriation Method Air Elutriation Method
y The general principle underlying the methods
consists of determination of the proportion of a
pigment which is removed by an upward flow of a
gas at a given velocity in a vertical column.
y The Stokes equation is used to calculate the largest
size of particle removed by a gas at the given
velocity.
y In the determination the gas velocity is first
adjusted so that the smallest particles are carried
off and collected. The velocity is then increased to
remove the next fraction and the process repeated
until the entire range has been separated.
y There are many other methods for
determining particle size distribution,like
Optical Microscope method, Electron
Microscope method, shadowing, surface
replica etc.
Surface Area of Pigment Particles Surface Area of Pigment Particles
y Many paint properties, including viscosity,
flow characteristics and dispersion
stability can be influenced by interaction
between pigment and medium.
y Adsorption of certain polymer fractions
and/or driers onto the pigment surface
takes place frequently, and the total
amount of adsorption will depend on the
nature and surface area of pigment
particle.
y Surface area (m
2
/gram)=6/D
Where D=volume/surface mean diameter,
i.e. diameter of a particle possessing
same volume-to-surface ratio as the
whole sample
=specific gravity of the pigment
6=factor applicable only to spherical
particles; with particles of irregular shape
the expression can give only approximate
figures.
Surface area and oil absorption Surface area and oil absorption
y The oil absorption value of a pigment
(represents the amount of oil required to coat
the surface and to fill the voids) increases with
decreasing particle size.
y Smaller voids result form closer packing of
smaller particles are more than offset by the
increased surface area.
y Pigment particles may be smooth or irregular
individuals, or they may be aggregates of various
sizes.
y These will all behave as individual particles
towards oil and other media.
y In case of aggregates the practical surface
area will be appreciably less than total
surface area of component particles.
y Difference depends on type of pigment and
degree of grinding.