World History of Nursing

Period of Intuitive Nursing/ Medieval Period

I. Period of Intuitive Nursing/Medieval Period -Nursing was untaught and instinctive. It was performed of compassion for others, out of the wish to help others. -Nursing was a function that belonged to women. It was viewed as a natural nurturing job for women. She is expected to take good care of the children, the sick and the aged.

-No caregiving training is evident. It was based on experience and observation. -Primitive men believed that illness was caused by the invasion of the victims body of evil spirits. They believed that the medicine man, Shaman or witch doctor had the power to heal by using white magic, hypnosis, charms, dances, incantation, purgatives, massage, fire, water and herbs as a mean of driving illness from the victim.

-Trephining drilling a hole in the skull with a rock or stone without anesthesia was a last resort to drive evil spirits from the body of the afflicted.

Period of Apprentice Nursing/ Middle Ages

II.Period of Apprentice Nursing/Middle Ages -Care was done by crusaders, prisoners, religious orders. -Nursing care was performed without any formal education and by people who were directed by more experienced nurses (on the job training). This kind of nursing was developed by religious orders of the Christian Church.

-Nursing went down to the lowest level

-wrath/anger of Protestantism confiscated properties of hospitals and schools connected with Roman Catholicism. - Nurses fled their lives; soon there was shortage of people to care for the sick - Hundreds of Hospitals closed, there was no provision for the sick, no one to care for the sick - Nursing became the work of the least desirable of women prostitutes, alcoholics, prisoners

-Pastor Theodore Fliedner and his wife, Frederika established the Kaiserswerth Institute for the training of Deaconesses (the 1st formal training school for nurses) in Germany. - This was where Florence Nightingale received her 3-month course of study in nursing.

-Nursing performed without any formal education and by people who were directed by more experienced nurses -Important personalities in this period: St. Clare-gave nursing care to the sick and the afflicted St. Elizabeth of Hungary- Patrones of nurses St. Catherine of Siena- First lady with a lamp -Dark period of Nursing.

Period of Educated Nursing

III. Period of Educated Nursing/Nightingale Era 19th20th century -Began on June 15, 1860 when Florence Nightingale School of Nursing opened at St. Thomas Hospital in London -The development of nursing during this period was strongly influenced by: a.) trends resulting from wars Crimean, civil war b.) arousal of social consciousness c.) increased educational opportunities offered to women.
-Florence Nightingale was asked by Sir Sidney Herbert of the British War Department to recruit female nurses to provide care for the sick and injured in the Crimean War.

-In 1860, The Nightingale Training School of Nurses opened at St. Thomas Hospital in London.
- The school served as a model for other training schools. Its graduates traveled to other countries to manage hospitals and institute nurse-training programs. - Nightingale focus vision of nursing Nightingale system was more on developing the profession within hospitals. Nurses should be taught in hospitals associated with medical schools and that the curriculum should include both theory and practice. - It was the 1st school of nursing that provided both theory-based knowledge and clinical skill building.

-Nursing evolved as an art and science -Formal nursing education and nursing service begun.

FACTS ABOUT FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE

FACTS ABOUT FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE -Mother of modern nursing. Lady with the Lamp because of her achievements in improving the standards for the care of war casualties in the Crimean war. -Born May 12, 1800 in Florence, Italy

-Not contended with the social custom imposed upon her as a Victorian Lady, she developed her self-appointed goal: To change the profile of Nursing

-She compiled notes of her visits to hospitals and her observations of the sanitary facilities, social problems of the places she visited. -Noted the need for preventive medicine and god nursing -Advocated for care of those afflicted with diseases caused by lack of hygienic practices -At age 31, she entered the Deaconesses School at Kaiserswerth in spite of her familys resistance to her ambitions. She became a nurse over the objections of society and her family.

-Worked as a superintendent for Gentlewomen Hospital, a charity hospital for ill governesses. -Disapproved the restrictions on admission of patients and considered this unchristian and incompatible with health care. -Upgraded the practice of nursing and made nursing an honorable profession for women.

-Led nurses that took care of the wounded during the Crimean war -Put down her ideas in 2 published books: Notes on Nursing, What It Is and What It Is Not and Notes on Hospitals. -She revolutionized the publics perception of nursing (not the image of a doctors handmaiden) and the method for educating nurses.

Period of Contemporary Nursing/20th Century

IV. Period of Contemporary Nursing/20th Century -Licensure of nurses started -Specialization of Hospital and diagnosis -Training of Nurses in diploma program -Development of baccalaureate and advance degree programs

-Scientific and technological development as well as social changes mark this period. a. Health is perceived as a fundamental human right b. Nursing involvement in community health c. Technological advances disposable supplies and equipments d. Expanded roles of nurses was developed e. WHO was established by the United Nations f. Aerospace Nursing was developed

g. Use of atomic energies for medical diagnosis, treatment. h. Computers were utilized-data collection, teaching, diagnosis, inventory, payrolls, record keeping, billing. i. Use of sophisticated equipment for diagnosis and therapy.

History of Nursing in the Philippines

Early Beliefs, Practices and Care of the sick: -Early Filipinos subscribed to superstitious belief and practices in relation to health and sickness -Diseases, their causes and treatment were associated with mysticism and superstitions. -Cause of disease was caused by another person (an enemy of witch) or evil spirits.

-Persons suffering from diseases without any identified cause were believed bewitched by mangkukulam -Difficult childbirth were attributed to nonos -Evil spirits could be driven away by persons with powers to expel demons -Belief in special Gods of healing: priest-physician, witch doctors, herbolarios/herb doctors.

-Midwives assisted in childbirth. During labor, the mabuting hilot (good midwife) was called in. -If the birth became difficult, witches were supposed to be the cause.

Health Care During the Spanish Regime -The religious orders exerted their efforts to care for the sick by building hospitals in different parts of the Philippines. The earliest hospitals were: Hospital Real de Manila (1577) it was established mainly to care for the Spanish kings soldiers, but also admitted Spanish civilians; founded by Gov. Francisco de Sande. San Lazaro Hospital (1578) founded by Brother Juan Clemente and was administered for many years by the Hospitalliers of San Juan de Dios; built exclusively for patients with leprosy.

Hospital de Indios (1586) established by the Franciscan Order; service was in general supported by alms and contributions from charitable persons. Hospital de Aguas Santas (1590)- established in Laguna; near a medicinal spring, founded by Brother J. Baustista of the Franciscan Order. San Juan de Dios Hospital (1596)- founded by the Brotherhood of Misericordia and administered by the Hopsitaliers of San Juan de Dios; support was delivered from alms and rents; rendered general health service to the public.

Nursing During the Philippine Revolution: Josephine Bracken, wife of Jose Rizal- installed a field hospital in an estate house in Tejeros; provided nursing care to the wounded night and day. Rosa Sevilla de Alvero- converted their house into quarters for the Filipino soldiers; during the Philippine-American War that broke out in 1899. Dona Hilaria de Aguinaldo- wife of Emilio Aguinaldo; organized that Filipino Red Cross under the inspiration of Mabini.

Dona Maria Agoncillo de Aguinaldo- second wife of Emilio Aguinaldo; provided nursing care to Filipino soldiers during the revolution, President of the Filipino Red Cross branch in Batangas. Melchora Aquino (Tandang Sora) nursed the wounded Filipino soldiers and gave them shelter and food. Capitan Salome a revolutionary leader in Nueva Ecija; provided nursing care to the wounded when not in combat

Agueda Kahabagan- revolutionary leader in Laguna, also provided nursing services to her troops. Trinidad Tecson (Ina ng Biak-na-Bato)- stayed in the hospital at Biak na Bato to care for wounded soldiers.

Hospitals and Schools of Nursing: Iloilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing (Iloilo City, 1906) -It was ran by the Baptist Foreign Mission Society of America. -Miss Rose Nicolet, a graduate of New England Hospital for Women and Children in Boston, Massachusetts was the first superintendent for nurses. -Miss Flora Ernst, an American nurse, took charge of the school in 1942. -In April 1944 graduate nurses took the first Nurses Board Examination at the Iloilo Mission Hospital.

Saint Pauls Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1907) -The hospital was established by the Archbishop of Manila, Jeremiah Harty under the supervision of the Sisters of St. Paul de Chartres located in Intramuros. -It provided general hospital services. It opened its training school for nurses in 1908, with Mother Melanie as superintendent and Miss Chambers as Principal.

St. Lukes Hospital School of Nursing (1907) -It began as a small dispensary in 1903. -In 1907, the school opened with three girls admitted. -These three girls had their first year in combined classes with the PGH School of Nursing and St. Pauls Hospital School of Nursing. -Miss Helen Hicks was the first principal. -Mrs. Vitaliana Beltran was the first Filipino superintendent of nurses -Dr. Jose Fores was the first medical director of the hospital.

Mary Johnston Hospital and School of Nursing (Manila, 1907) -It was called the Bethany Dispensary and funded by the Methodist Mission for the relief of suffering among women and children. -In 1907, Sister Rebecca Parrish together with registered nurses Rose Dudley and Gertude Dreisbach, organized the Mary Johnston School of Nursing. -The nurses training course began with three Filipino young girls fresh from elementary as their first students.

Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1907) -Admission was based on an entrance examination. The applicant must have completed elementary education to the seventh grade. -Julia Nichols and Charlotte Clayton taught the students nursing subjects. American physician also served as lecturers.

UST College of Nursing 1st College of Nursing in the Philippines: 1877 MCU College of Nursing June 1947 (1st College who offered BSN 4 year program)

1920 -1st board examination for nurses was conducted by the Board of Examiners, 93 candidates took the exam, 68 passed with the highest rating of 93.5%Anna Dahlgren -Theoretical exam was held at the UP Amphitheater of the College of Medicine and Surgery. Practical exam at the PGH Library. 1921 Filipino Nurses Association was established (now PNA) as the National Organization Of Filipino Nurses PNA. -1st President Rosario Delgado -Founder Anastacia Giron-Tupas

1953 -Republic Act 877, known as the Nursing Practice Law was approved.

Christians- Love thy neighbor as thyself Fabiola- a wealthy matron of the roman empire; converted to Christianity and used her wealth to provide house of care and healing for the poor, the sick, and the homeless.

Crusaders: 1. Knights of St. John of Jerusalem 2. Teutonic Knights 3. Knights of St. Lazarus

Civil War Harriet Tubman & Sojourner Truth - provided care and safety to the slaves fleeing to the north underground railroad.

Clara Barton & Mother Biekerdyke- searched the battlefields and gave care to the injured and dying soldiers.

Walt Whitman & Louisa May Alcott- volunteered as nurses to give care to injured soldiers in military hospitals . Noted authors

Dorothe Dix- became the unions superintendent of female nurses; responsible for recruiting nurses and supervising the nursing care of all women nurses working in the army hospitals.

Vietnam War Vietnam Womens Memorial Foundation- youngest group of medical personnels ever to ever to serve wartime Vietnams Womens Memorial- to honor the womens who served and for the families who lost loved ones.

Linda Richards- Americas first trained nurse; a graduate of New England Hospital for Women and Children in 1873; introduced the nurses notes and doctors orders.

Mary Mahoney- first african-american nurse; contribution in interracial relationships.

Lillian Wald- founder of Public Health Nursing