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y Physics 24 spreadsheets for all sections, with Exam 2 scores, will be available* today on the Physics 24 web site. You need your PIN to find your grade. Currently all but E and G are posted y Preliminary exam average is about 76.0%. Rather Good. Scores ranged from a low** of 49 to a high of 200. y Physics 24 Exam 2 will be returned in recitation Thursday. When you get the exam back, please check that points were added correctly. Review the course handbook and be sure to follow proper procedures before requesting a regrade. Get your regrade requests in on time! (They are due by next Tuesday s recitation.)
*If recitation instructors update their spreadsheets in a timely fashion. **One student got 16/200 but did not attempt to work any of the problems.

We ve been working with the effects of magnetic fields without considering where they come from. Today we learn about sources of magnetic fields.

Today s agenda: Magnetic Fields Due To A Current.

You must be able to calculate the magnetic field due to a moving charged particle.

Biot-Savart Law.
You must be able to use the Biot-Savart Law to calculate the magnetic field of a currentcarrying conductor (for example: a long straight wire).

Force Between Current-Carrying Conductors.

You must be able to begin with starting equations and calculate forces between currentcarrying conductors.

Biot-Savart Law: magnetic field of a current element Let s start with the magnetic field of a moving charged particle. r B r + v It is experimentally observed that a moving point charge q gives rise to a magnetic field & B= & 0 qv v r . 2 4 r

Q0 is a constant, and its value is Q0=4Tx10-7 Tm/A

Remember: the direction of is always from the source point (the thing that r causes the field) to the field point (the location where the field is being measured.

Example: proton 1 has a speed v0 (v0<<c) and is moving along the x-axis in the +x direction. Proton 2 has the same speed and is moving parallel to the x-axis in the x direction, at a distance r directly above the x-axis. Determine the electric and magnetic forces on proton 2 at the instant the protons pass closest to each other. This is example 28.1 in your text. The electric force is & 1 q1q2 FE = r 2 4 TI r & 1 e2 FE = j 2 4 TI r
Homework Hint: slides 5-7!

v0

FE
2

E r
1

r
v0 x

At the position of proton 2 there is a magnetic field due to proton 1. & & Q  q1 v1 v r B1 = 4T r2 & Q  ev 0 v i j B1 = 4T r2 & Q  ev 0 B1 = k 2 4T r
v0 y

FE
2

B1

r r
1

v0

Proton 2 feels a magnetic force due to the magnetic field of proton 1. & & & FB = q2 v 2 v B1 & v Q  ev 0 k FB = ev 0  i 4T r2

2 & Q e2 v 0 FB = j 2 4T r

v0

FE
2

FB r r

B1
1

What would proton 1 feel?

Caution! Relativity overrules Newtonian mechanics! However, in this case, the force is equal & opposite.

v0

Both forces are in the +y direction. The ratio of their magnitudes is Q e2 v 2 0 2 FB 4 T r = FE 1 e2 2 4 TI  r FB = QI v 2 0 FE Later we will find that
1

v0

FE
2

FB r r
v0 x

B1

1 Q  I = 2 c
z

FB v 2 0 Thus = 2 FE c If v0=106 m/s, then

10 ! 1.11 v10-5 FB = FE 3 v108 2

6 2

Don t you feel sorry for the poor, weak magnetic force?
What if you are a nanohuman, lounging on proton 1. You rightfully claim you you are at There is no magnetic field You rightfully claim are at rest.rest. There is no magnetic from your proton, and and no magnetic on 2. field from your proton, no magnetic forceforce on 2.

v0

FE
2

FB r r

B1
1

If you don t like being confused, Another nanohuman riding on proton 2 would say I am close your eyes at rest, so there is no magnetic force on my proton, even though there is a magnetic field from proton 1. and cover your ears.

v0

This calculation says there is a magnetic field and force. Who ishere, here, and here for a hint aboutlearn the answer. Or see right? Take Physics 107 to how to resolve the paradox.

Today s agenda: Magnetic Fields Due To A Current.

You must be able to calculate the magnetic field due to a moving charged particle.

Biot-Savart Law.

You must be able to use the Biot-Savart Law to calculate the magnetic field of a currentcarrying conductor (for example: a long straight wire).

Force Between Current-Carrying Conductors.

You must be able to begin with starting equations and calculate forces between currentcarrying conductors.

From the equation for the magnetic field of a moving charged particle, it is easy to show that a current I in a little length dl of wire gives rise to a little bit of magnetic field. r dB r dl I & & 0 I d" v r dB = 4 r2 The Biot-Savart Law
If you like to be more precise in your language, substitute an infinitesimal for a little length and a little bit of. I often use ds instead of dl because the script l does not display very well.

& You may see the equation written using r = r r .

Applying the Biot-Savart Law & dB = & & 0 I ds v r = r where r 2 4 r r I ds sin dB = 4 r2

0

dB  r U r ds I

& & B = dB

Homework Hint: if you have a tiny piece of a wire, just calculate dB; no need to integrate.

Example: calculate the magnetic field at point P due to a thin straight wire of length L carrying a current I. (P is on the perpendicular bisector of the wire at distance a.) P r r U ds x y dB a  z x I & dB = & 0 I ds v r 4 r2

& ds v r = ds sin k I ds sin dB = 4 r2

0

L ds is an infinitesimal quantity in the direction of dx, so I dx sin dB = 4 r2

0

a sin = r P r r U ds x L y dB a  z

r = x +a

I dx sin dB = 4 r2
0

I dx a I dx a 0 dB = = 3 r 4 4 x 2 + a2 3/2
0

x I

B=

L/2

I dx a

-L/2

+a

2 3/2

I a L/2 dx B= 4 -L/2 x 2 + a2 3/2

0

P r r U ds x

y dB a  z L
L/2

I a L/2 dx B= 4 -L/2 x 2 + a2 3/2

0

x I

look integral up in tables, use the web,or use trig substitutions

dx

+a

2 3/2

x a x + a
2 2 2 1/2

Ia x B= 1/2 4 a2 x 2 + a2
0

-L/2

L/2 0I a = 4 a2 L/2 2 + a2

1/2

-L/2  1/2 2 2 2 a -L/2 + a

P r r U ds x

y dB a  z x I

2L/2 0I a B= 1/2 4 a2 L2 /4 + a2 IL 1 B= 1/2 4 a L2 /4 + a2

0

IL 1 B= 2 a L2 + 4a2
0

I B= 2 a
0

1 4a2 1+ 2 L

P r r U ds x

y dB a  z x I I B= 2 a
0

1 4a2 1+ 2 L

I When Lpg, B = . 2 a
0

I or B = 2 r
0

The r in this equation has a different meaning than the r in the diagram!

Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire

We ve just derived the equation for the magnetic field around a long, straight wire* I B= 2 r
0

I B r

with a direction given by a new right-hand rule.

*Don t use this equation unless you have a long, straight wire!

Looking down along the wire: I The magnetic field is not constant.

At a fixed distance r from the wire, the magnitude of the magnetic field is constant. The magnetic field direction is always tangent to the imaginary circles drawn around the wire, and perpendicular to the radius connecting the wire and the point where the field is being calculated.

Example: calculate the magnetic field at point O due to the wire segment shown. The wire carries uniform current I, and consists of two straight segments and a circular arc of radius R that subtends angle U.
A

Important technique, handy for exams:

ds

r
U R C

The magnetic field due to wire segments A A and CC is zero because ds is parallel to r along these paths.

Thanks to Dr. Waddill for the use of the diagram.

Important technique, handy for exams:

ds

r
U R C

Along path AC, ds is perpendicular to r. & ds v r = -ds k & ds v r = ds

If we use the usual xyz axes.

Thanks to Dr. Waddill for the use of the diagram.

& dB =

& 0 I ds v r 4 r2
0

I ds dB = 4 R2

I ds dB = 4 R2
0

ds

r
U R C

I ds B= 4 R2
0

I B= ds 2 4 R
0

Thanks to Dr. Waddill for the use of the diagram.

I B= Rd 2 4 R
0

I B= d 4 R
0

I B= 4 R
0

Today s agenda: Magnetic Fields Due To A Current.

You must be able to calculate the magnetic field due to a moving charged particle.

Biot-Savart Law.
You must be able to use the Biot-Savart Law to calculate the magnetic field of a currentcarrying conductor (for example: a long straight wire).

Force Between Current-Carrying Conductors.

You must be able to begin with starting equations and calculate forces between currentcarrying conductors.

Magnetic Field of a Current-Carrying Wire It is experimentally observed that parallel wires exert forces on each other when current flows. I1 F12 F21 I2 I1 F12 I2 F21

Knowledge advances when Theory does battle with Real Data.

Ian Redmount

We showed that a long straight wire carrying a current I gives rise to a magnetic field B at a distance r from the wire given by 0I B= 2 r The magnetic field of one wire exerts a force on a nearby current-carrying wire. d I1 L F12 F21 I2

I B r

The magnitude of the force depends on the two currents, the length of the wires, and the distance between them. 0 I1 I2 L This is NOT a F= starting equation 2 d The wires are electrically neutral, so this is not a Coulomb force.

Remember, the direction of the field is given another (different) right-hand rule: grasp the wire and point the thumb of your right hand in the direction of I; your fingers curl around the wire and show the direction of the magnetic field.

Example: use the expression for B due to a current-carrying wire to calculate the force between two current-carrying wires. & & & F12 = I1L1 v B 2 B2 = I2 k 2 d
0

d I1 L B2
y

I2 F12

& F12 = I1Lj v & F12 =

I2 k 2 d
0

L1

L2

0 1 2

II L i 2 d

& II F The force per unit length of wire is 12 = 0 1 2 i. L 2 d

Homework Hint: use this technique for any homework problems with long parallel wires!

& & & F21 = I2L 2 v B1 & B1 = I k 2 d

0 1

d I1 L F12 F21 8B1

y

I2

& v  0 I1 k F21 = I2Lj 2 d & F21 = 0 1 2

L1

L2

IIL i 2 d

& F21 0 I1I2 The force per unit length of wire is =i. L 2 d

If the currents in the wires are in the opposite direction, the force is repulsive. d I1 L F12 I2 F21

L1

L2

IIL F12 = F21 = 2 d

0 1 2

d I1 I2 F12 F21

4 v10-7 I1I2L L -7 F12 = F21 = = 2 v10 I1I2 2 d d The official definition of the Ampere: 1 A is the current that produces a force of 2x10-7 N force per meter of length between two long parallel wires placed 1 meter apart in empty space.

L1

L2