Formation of dSphs galaxies via mergers of disky dwarfs

S. Kazantzidis1; E. Lokas2; L. Mayers3; A. Knebe4; J. Klimentowski2

Apresentado por Hilberto Silva Galxias e Cosmologia 2011/12 DFA FCUP

1-Ohio State University; 2-NC Astronomical Center, Poland; 3-ITP, Zurich 4-Departamento de Fsica Terica, Universidade Autnoma de Madrid

Objective
The origin of dSphs galaxies in the local group is a long standing subject of debate With this phrase the authors set the tone for the objective of the work: to find out if the merge of disky dwarfs in a computational collisionless Nbody simulation of the local group can form dSphs galaxies.

http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/galaxies.html

A complete list of the LG galaxies, with galactic coordinates, distance, diameter, galaxy type and year of discovery. (last update: beginning 2007) Here we can see 30 dSphs galaxies. Most of them discovered by Sloan Sky Survey.

dSphs Important Characteristics

Faintest Galaxies Known Highly DM dominated Poor or completely devoid of gas (low gravitacional binding energy) (see Carroll & Ostlie) Wide diversity of star formation histories

Table 2:LG Dwarf characteristic (SFR is the star rate formation)

(from THE STAR FORMATION HISTORY OF THE LOCAL GROUP Eva K. Grebel, 2000

Faintest galaxies Known

dSphs Important Characteristics

We define a dSphs to be a galaxy with a total luminosity of MB > 14, low optical surface-brightness and no nucleus.
(from Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies : Keystones of Galaxy Evolution, John S. Gallagher, R. F. G. Wyse)

Except for the three spiral galaxies M31, Milky Way, and M33, the irregular Large Magellanic Cloud, and the small elliptical galaxy M32 all other galaxies in the Local Group are dwarf galaxies with MV > 18.
(from Interstellar Media in the Magellanic Clouds and other Local Group Dwarf Galaxies -Eva K. Grebel, 2001)

Faintest galaxies Known

dSphs Important Characteristics

Tabela1: Derived Photometric Properties of LG Dwarf Galaxies

(from Dwarf galaxies of the Local Group M. Mateo, 1998)

Highly DM dominated

dSphs Important Characteristics

The systems all have masses constrained by rotation curves at large radii that can only be understood if the galaxies possess extended DM halos.
(from Dwarf galaxies of the Local Group M. Mateo, 1998)

We thus confirm that these dwarfs are indeed very strongly dark matter dominated.
(from The mass and velocity anisotropy of the Carina, Fornax, Sculptor and Sextans dwarf spheroidal galaxies Ewa L. Lokas, 2009)
Fig. 2:Enclosed DM mass in terms of solar masses vs galaxy radii, the dark blue represent dSphs galaxies.

(From COMPARING THE DARK MATTER HALOS OF SPIRAL, LOW SURFACE BRIGHTNESS AND DWARF SPHEROIDAL GALAXIES MATTHEW G. WALKER, STACY S. MCGAUGH, MARIO MATEO, EDWARD W. OLSZEWSKI AND RACHEL KUZIO DE NARAY)

Gas poor or completely devoid of gas

dSphs Important Characteristics

All of the Milky Way SDSS dwarfs except Leo T are devoid of gas to the level of our detection limits. The upper limits are well under 105 M , which is lower than the HI mass of any known dwarf galaxy with an HI detection. The newly discovered Andromeda dwarfs also appear to be devoid of gas, but the limits set are higher (MHI < 105.5 M ).
(from HI IN LOCAL GROUP DWARF GALAXIES AND STRIPPING BY THE GALACTIC HALO, Jana Grcevich, Mary E. Putman, 2009)

The upper limits for HI in the other Local Group dSphs are at column densities of a few 1017 cm 2
(from Interstellar Media in the Magellanic Clouds and other Local Group Dwarf Galaxies -Eva K. Grebel, 2001)

Gas poor or completely devoid of gas

dSphs Important Characteristics

Tabela2: HI mass for several LG satellite galaxies

(from HI IN LOCAL GROUP DWARF GALAXIES AND STRIPPING BY THE GALACTIC HALO, Jana Grcevich, Mary E. Putman, 2009)

Diversity of star formation histories

dSphs Important Characteristics

Dwarf galaxies vary widely in their star formation histories, age distribution, and enrichment history. No two dwarfs are alike even within the same morphological type. In spite of this diversity, galaxy mass and proximity to a massive spiral appear to play a defining role in dwarf galaxy evolution.
(from THE STAR FORMATION HISTORY OF THE LOCAL GROUP Eva K. Grebel, 2000

Starting points
White and Rees, 1978 - Core condensation in heavy halos - A two-stage theory for galaxy formation and clustering See Galaxy Formation Notes from Galxias e Cosmologia - C. Lobo and Carroll and Ostlie Modern Astrophysics

Klimentowski, Lokas, Knebe, Gottlber, Martinez-Vaquero, Yepes and Hoffman, 2010- The grouping, merging and survival of subhaloes in the simulated Local Group (CLUES Project) This means that less than 10 percent of surviving satellites had a major interaction in the past. This is a significant number, but not high enough to explain the origin of all dwarf spheroidal

Merging Dwarf Properties

Initial properties of the eight dwarf binary mergers (from this paper)

Merging Dwarf Initial Position and Velocity

dSphs or not?
Vrot/ *<~1

=1-b/a<~0.5

Results 1

Surface number density distribution of stars in the merger remnants (from this paper)

Results 2

Properties of the merger remnants (from this paper)

Results 3

Plots of absolute magnitude Mv vs central surface brightness (image1) and projected half light radius (image2). (From this paper)

Final Notes and Future Prospects

Galaxy Tucana M3 M8 Galaxy Cetus M6 Mv -9.5 -9 -10.5 Mv -11.3 -10.2 r1/2(kpc) 0.274 0.28 0.35 r1/2(kpc) 0.600 0.51 v(mag arcseg-1) 25.1 25.8 24.5 v(mag arcseg-1) 25 25.4 Vrot/ ~1 0.6 0.4 Vrot/ 0.45 0.5
*

0.48 0.3 0.37

0.33 0.4

Comparison between values for Tucana/M3/M8 and Cetus/M6. Data for Cetus and Tucana obtained from Lokas, Kazantzidis and Mayer, 2011.

Hilberto Silva

Bibliografia
http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/galaxies.html Eva K. Grebel ,THE STAR FORMATION HISTORY OF THE LOCAL GROUP, 2000 John S. Gallagher, R. F. G. Wyse ,DWARF SPHEROIDAL GALAXIES : KEYSTONES OF GALAXY EVOLUTION Eva K. Grebel, INTERSTELLAR MEDIA IN THE MAGELLANIC CLOUDS AND OTHER LOCAL GROUP DWARF GALAXIES, 2001 M. Mateo, DWARF GALAXIES OF THE LOCAL GROUP, 1998

Ewa L. Lokas, THE MASS AND VELOCITY ANISOTROPY OF THE CARINA, FORNAX, SCULPTOR AND SEXTANS DWARF SPHEROIDAL GALAXIES, 2009
Matthew G. Walker, Stacy S. Mcgaugh, Mario Mateo, Edward W. Olszewski And Rachel Kuzio De Naray, COMPARING THE DARK MATTER HALOS OF SPIRAL, LOW SURFACE BRIGHTNESS AND DWARF SPHEROIDAL GALAXIES Jana Grcevich, Mary E. Putman, HI IN LOCAL GROUP DWARF GALAXIES AND STRIPPING BY THE GALACTIC HALO, 2009

Bibliografia
S. Kazantzidis; E. Lokas; L. Mayers; A. Knebe; J. Klimentowski -FORMATION OF DSPHS GALAXIES VIA MERGERS OF DISKY DWARFS,2011

H.J. Mo , Shude Mao and Simon D.M. White, THE EVOLUTION OF GALACTIC DISKS, 1997

Klimentowski, Lokas, Knebe, Gottlber, Martinez-Vaquero, Yepes and HOFFMAN-THE GROUPING, MERGING AND SURVIVAL OF SUBHALOES IN THE SIMULATED LOCAL GROUP, 2010

Tolstoy, Hills and Tosi, STAR FORMATION HISTORIES, ABUNDANCES AND KINEMATICS OF DWARF GALAXIES IN THE LOCAL GROUP, 2009