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The reversed Carnot cycle is the most efficient refrigeration cycle operating between TL and TH. However, it is not a suitable model for refrigeration cycles since processes 2-3 and 4-1 are not practical because Process 2-3 involves the compression of a liquidvapor mixture, which requires a compressor that will handle two phases, and process 4-1 involves the expansion of high-moisture-content refrigerant in a turbine.
Both COPs increase as the difference between the two temperatures decreases, that is, as TL rises or TH falls.
Schematic of a Carnot refrigerator and T-s diagram of the reversed Carnot cycle.
HISTORY
In Egypt (2 century) cooling effect - vaporization water 1755 - William Cullen produced ice using vacuum pumps and phase transformation 1777 Walther Hermann Nerst added to water H2SO4 1834.a. Jacob Perkins the first prototype as today we use 1844.a. Jon Corienair conditions
This is the most widely used cycle for refrigerators, A-C systems, and heat pumps.
Schematic and T-s diagram for the ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle.
The ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle involves an irreversible (throttling) process to make it a more realistic model for the actual systems. Replacing the expansion valve by a turbine is not practical since the added benefits cannot justify the added cost and complexity.
Steady-flow energy balance
An ordinary household refrigerator. The P-h diagram of an ideal vaporcompression refrigeration cycle.
DIFFERENCES Non-isentropic compression Superheated vapor at evaporator exit Subcooled liquid at condenser exit Pressure drops in condenser and evaporator
Schematic and T-s diagram for the actual vapor-compression refrigeration cycle.
The Compressor
The compressor is the heart of the system. The compressor does just what its name is. It compresses the low pressure refrigerant vapor from the evaporator and compresses it into a high pressure vapor.
The Condenser
The Discharge Line leaves the compressor and runs to the inlet of the condenser.
Because the refrigerant was compressed, it is a hot high pressure vapor (as pressure goes up temperature goes up). The hot vapor enters the condenser and starts to flow through the tubes. Cool air is blown across the out side of the finned tubes of the condenser (usually by a fan or water with a pump). Since the air is cooler than the refrigerant, heat jumps from the tubing to the cooler air (energy goes from hot to cold latent heat). As the heat is removed from the refrigerant, it reaches its saturated temperature and starts to flash (change states), into a high pressure liquid. The high pressure liquid leaves the condenser through the liquid line and travels to the metering device. Sometimes running through a filter dryer first, to remove any dirt or foreign particles.
Metering Devices
Metering devices regulate how much liquid refrigerant enters the evaporator . Common used metering devices are, small thin copper tubes referred to as cap tubes, thermally controller diaphragm valves called TXVs (thermal expansion valves) and single opening orifices. The metering device tries to maintain a preset temperature difference or super heat, between the inlet and outlet openings of the evaporator.
As the metering devices regulates the amount of refrigerant going into the evaporator, the device lets small amounts of refrigerant out into the line and looses the high pressure it has behind it.
Now we have a low pressure, cooler liquid refrigerant entering the evaporative coil (pressure went down so temperature goes down).
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A very common type of metering device is called a TX Valve (Thermostatic Expansion Valve). This valve has the capability of controlling the refrigerant flow. If the load on the evaporator changes, the valve can respond to the change and increase or decrease the flow accordingly. The TXV has a sensing bulb attached to the outlet of the evaporator. This bulb senses the suction line temperature and sends a signal to the TXV allowing it to adjust the flow rate. This is important because, if not all, the refrigerant in the evaporator changes state into a gas, there could be liquid refrigerant content returning to the compressor. This can be fatal to the compressor. Liquid can not be compressed and when a compressor tries to compress a liquid, mechanical failing can happen. The compressor can suffer mechanical damage in the valves and bearings. This is called liquid slugging. Normally TXV's are set to maintain 10 degrees of superheat. That means that the gas returning to the compressor is at least 10 degrees away from the risk of having any liquid.
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The Evaporator
The evaporator is where the heat is removed from your house , business or refrigeration box.
Low pressure liquid leaves the metering device and enters the evaporator.
Usually, a fan will move warm air from the conditioned space across the evaporator finned coils. The cooler refrigerant in the evaporator tubes, absorb the warm room air. The change of temperature causes the refrigerant to flash or boil, and changes from a low pressure liquid to a low pressure cold vapor. The low pressure vapor is pulled into the compressor and the cycle starts over. The amount of heat added to the liquid to make it saturated and change states is called Super Heat. One way to charge a system with refrigerant is by super heat.
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Refrigerant
A liquid
that has a low boiling point. There are several refrigerant manufacturers.
Heat pumps still use R22 refrigerants. R22 performs well over the range of temperatures that heat pumps operate at.
R22 is known as a hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) refrigerant and has an ozone depletion (ODP) factor of 0.05. Many heat pumps today use R-407C or R-410A, which are hydrofluorocarbons (HFC). Both R-407C and R-410A have zero ozone depletion potential (ODP), and slightly lower global warming potential (GWP) in the case of R-407C, than R-22. R410A has a slightly higher GWP than R22. Performance (heating capacity and efficiency) is about the same with R-407C and about 4% better with R410A compared to R-22. R-22 will be phased out for new equipment by January 1, 2010.
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A heat pump can be used to heat a house in winter and to cool it in summer.
The most common energy source for heat pumps is atmospheric air (air-toair systems). Water-source systems usually use well water and ground-source (geothermal) heat pumps use earth as the energy source. They typically have higher COPs but are more complex and more expensive to install. Both the capacity and the efficiency of a heat pump fall significantly at low temperatures. Therefore, most airsource heat pumps require a supplementary heating system such as electric resistance heaters or a gas furnace. Heat pumps are most competitive in areas that have a large cooling load during the cooling season and a relatively small heating load during the heating season. In these areas, the heat pump can meet the entire cooling and heating needs of residential or commercial buildings.
Liquefaction of gases
They promise to reduce global warming through more efficient conversion of natural gas and reduced emissions from electric power plants as they do not use electricity to drive the heat pump.
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