STATISTICS

By: Reem

Forms of presentation of data

Grouped data is a statistical term used in data analysis. A raw dataset can be organized by constructing a table showing the frequency distribution of the variable (whose values are given in the raw dataset). Such a frequency table is often referred to as a grouped data.

Time taken (in seconds)Frequency 5 and above, below 10 =1 10 and above, below 15 =4 15 and above, below 20 =6 20 and above, below 25 =4 25 and above, below 30 =2 30 and above, below 35 =3

Grouped data is when there is a large number of possible outcomes, we will usually need to group the data. E.g The ages of 200 people entering a park on a Saturday afternoon. The ages have been grouped into the classes 0-9, 10-19, 20-29, etc.

Ungrouped data is the opposite of grouped data with only one possible answer. E.g The ages of 200 people entering a park on a Saturday afternoon. The ages are: 27, 8, 10, 49 etc.

Different kinds of graphs and charts

Graphs are pictures that help us understand amounts. These amounts are called data. There are many kinds of graphs, each having special parts.

A pie chart (or a circle graph) is a circular chart divided into sectors, illustrating proportion. In a pie chart, the arc length of each sector (and consequently its central angle and area), is proportional to the quantity it represents.

In statistics, a histogram is a graphical representation showing a visual impression of the distribution of data. It is an estimate of the probability distribution of a continuous variable and was first introduced by Karl Pearson.

The Frequency Polygon Using the fact that each class interval may be represented, on average, by its class mid-point, we may plot the class mid-points against the class frequencies to obtain a display of single points. By joining up these points with straight line segments and including two extra class midpoints, we obtain a frequency polygon.

The Cumulative Frequency Polygon (or Ogive) The earlier use of the cumulative frequency to estimate the number (or proportion) of values less than a certain amount may be applied graphically by plotting the upper class-boundary against cumulative frequency; then joining up the points plotted with straight line segments. The graph obtained is called the cumulative frequency

In descriptive statistics, a box plot or boxplot (also known as a box-andwhisker diagram or plot) is a convenient way of graphically depicting groups of numerical data through their five-number summaries: the smallest observation (sample minimum), lower quartile (Q1),median (Q2), upper quartile (Q3), and largest observation (sample maximum). A boxplot may also indicate which observations, if any, might be considered outliers.