Gunpowder Empires

Mughal Empire 1524-1857 Qing 1644-1912 Tokugawa 1603-1868 Russia 1682-1796

I. Mughals
Babur, a Muslim from Central Asia, defeated ruler of Delhi

Emperor Babur (1483-1530)

Akbar (1556-1605 c.e.)

All this responsibility has turned my hair white!

Most expansion during his reign At the end of his reign the Mughal Empire covered most of Northern India He would be the first to truly unite the region in 1,000 years!

Mughal Political
Showed religious liberalism (abolition of the tax on non-Muslims) Arranged political alliances through marriages with Rajputs Divided empire into smaller raj Emperor Aurangzeb spent nearly his entire career expanding his realm led to much opposition

The synthesis of architectural influences representing various religions is a reflection of Akbar's desire to create a syncretic religion, called Din-i-ilahi (literally, the divine faith), that brought together all the religions of his subjects.

Akbars capital at Fatehpur Sikri

Precious water was saved after monsoon rains and used to keep the city cool

Economics

Huge economy based on textiles Peasants paid most of the taxes. Why? Think religion!

Women in Society
Nur Jahan

Mumtaz Mahal

Sarais - quarters for travelers to rest -became necessary after Mughal India became crossed with networks of roads leading to important commercial and political centers.

Culture

Red Fort of Agra - the country was governed from here.

Mughal gardens at Lahore -the style was influenced by Persian gardens

Taj Mahal of Agra the style combines elements from Persian, Ottoman, Indian, and Islamic architectural styles.

Syncretic Art
Thirst in night influences

Persian miniatures had Hindu and Buddhist

A Royal Mughal Court

Love on a Boat at Night

Sikhism founded by Shri Guru Nanak

Golden Temple

Shah Jehan's son Aurangzeb - last great Mughal (1658 to 1707) - stern puritan and religious bigot , sought to impose orthodox Islam on all of India dismissed Hindus from public service, reimposed tax on them & destroyed their temples

All this nastiness is making my hair turn white

II. Ming to Qing

The Manchurians are coming!

Fall of Ming and Rise of Qing

Sizong vs. Manchu warrior

Oh, for a big, sturdy tree

Why did the Ming fall?

Climate change poor harvests Uprisings Pressure from Manchu and Mongols Silver increasingly used for trade
inflation

Heavy taxation Factories became inefficient Economic depression Pirates off coast Many Chinese left Southeast Asia Japanese attempted to invade Korea Ming used Manchu to repel Manchu took control of peninsula

Famine
Early half of the 17th century, famines became common in northern China - unusual dry and cold weather that shortened the growing season- Little Ice Age

Revolts against the empire

Li Zicheng
one of the major figures in the rebellion that brought down the Ming Dynasty China proclaimed himself "The Roaming King".

Zhang Xianzhong
ex-soldier and rival to Li nicknamed Yellow Tiger conquered Sichuan Province in the middle of the 17th century.

Matteo Ricci
Jesuit missionary who made a positive impression on Ming China

Matteo Ricci and Xu Guangqi in the Chinese edition of Euclid's Elements published in 1607.

Map of the Far East by Matteo Ricci in 1602.

Painting of Matteo Ricci wearing "Chinese scholar" robe

Manchu/Qingone Video Dynasty

Video one Manchu are descendants of the Jurchens.

Kangxi, ruler of the Qing Dynasty (1662-1722) KangXi dictionary is basis for modern Chinese. Verbiest helped write a new guide to astronomy
Video two

Emperor Qianlong Ruled 1736-1796

Manchus could present themselves as Confucian rulers Ming had been very corrupt Manchus were accepted by the Chinese people as legitimate rulers. Literary Inquisition 2,000 anti-Manchu titles destroyed and many scholars punished

Video

Arrival of the West:

Canton system - Europeans should only trade in Canton mostly ignored by West. China considered despotic Russia turning west towards Europe

Dream of the Red Chamber

Cao Xueqin was an aristocrat who died in misery and isolation. From his own bitter, personal experiences, Cao created a tragic love story between a young man, Jia Baoyu & a young woman, Lin Daiyu, It is a detailed description of aristocratic life in Qing China Dream of the Red Chamber is often acknowledged to be the zenith of Chinese classical fiction by scholars, although the novel as it survived was incomplete and later completed by another.

Art the Four Wangs!

Imitation of Ming style was encouraged. Large-scale landscapes, flower-and-bird compositions, and figural narratives were particularly favored as images that would glorify the new dynasty

Decline of the Qing

Empire too large to control Population explosion (no epidemics, internal peace and food from America) Grand Canal silts up, deforestation Corrupt Merit System Opium Wars Taiping Rebellion Video Self-Strengthening Failure Sino-Japanese War Lack of Reform and Revolution -Peasants move to cities

cheating underwear helped destroy the Confucian based merit system!

What could have happened!

China could have become a great colonial power and could have led the world economically BUT
Europe had advantages
New World resources Excess population Americas Joint stock companies State backing of trading companies Competition between nations drove economic success

III. Tokugawa Shogunate 1603-1868

The Edo Period Iemitsu -3rd Shogun (the Grandson)

Ieyasu 1st unifying Shogun

Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1616) Shogun 1603 - 1605

Show two minutes of this video

Tokugawa Ieyasu became shogun at the age of 60 Lasted only two years but was a strong and effective leader Handed power to his son Ended civil war, sets up bakufu (tent government), alternate attendance, controlled daimyo

Cultural - Christian Influence

Francis Xavier Jesuit
Attempted to convert 1549 52

Elite converted to Christianity Later threatened Japanese power Toyotomi Hideyoshi (prior to Ieyasu) crucified 26 Franciscan missionaries Under Ieyasu Christians

Christianity-prohibited / neo-Confucianism-flourished

The Christian martyrs of Nagasaki.

Dutch Learning
Dutch confined to an artificial island near Nagasaki Other Europeans banned fear of Catholicism education in urban areas Western science and medicine printing

Kaitai shinsho [New Book of Anatomy]

Political system
Daimyo were nearly absolute rulers had own judges, schools, money During this time there were three forms of daimyo : Shimpan or related lords,, people related to Ieyasu;
they lived close to the capital and held important offices in the civil government.

Fudai or inner lords, hereditary lords who controlled fiefs known as han ;
these had been vassals of the Tokugawa family before Ieyasu became shogun.

Tozama , or outer lords, powerful lords who were indifferent or hostile to the Tokugawa.
Given inferior land on far-flung islands Began to settle new areas Traded overseas Became a threat to the shogunate

Baku-Han Map

The building of large ships was banned.

Inner Lords and Outer Lords

Political consolidation
Country unified and peaceful Privately held guns banned Bureaucracy in hands of samurai
7% of population

Some violent protests Capital Edo(Tokyo)- grew to a million Broke off relations with foreign lands Alternate attendance
Ensured stability

Uesugi Kenshin9 1530-1578

Culture

Even a life-long prosperity is but one cup of sake; A life of forty-nine years is passed in a dream; I know not what life is, nor death. Year in year out-all but a dream. Both Heaven and Hell are left behind; I stand in the moonlit dawn, Free from clouds of attachment.

Samurai Scholars

HAIKU Ota Dokan (1432-1486) Had I not known that I was dead already I would have mourned my loss of life.

Date Masamune 1566 - 1636

More culture!
The merchant class became rich and new art forms appeared.
Included haiku poetry, genre novels, puppet dramas and ukiyo-e woodcut prints.

Kabuki acting rose Education among farmers and merchants began to flourish Stressed Japanese national traditions rather than concentrating on Chinese traditions.
New areas concentrated on included geography, medicine, astronomy, physics, chemistry and related areas.

Kabuki
Kabuki - traditional Japanese
form of theater Kabuki unlike older surviving Japanese art forms like Noh , was the popular culture of the townspeople and not of the higher social classes. Kabuki plays were about historical events, moral conflicts in love relationships Actors speak in monotonous voices accompanied by traditional music All roles played by men.

http://www.sadlerswells.com/standalonevideo.php?video=/assets/videos/63786503001,47017644001&show=2628&dp=1&show=2628&more=1

Art Vid eo

Ukiyo-e "pictures of the floating world Japanese woodblock prints features landscapes, tales from history, the theatre and pleasure quarters .

More Haiku (Mr. Peeks students)

I hate Spanish class All the vocabulary, It hurts my brain so. Lonely I sit here As no one will date me now I can read more books It is cold in here. The A.C. wont stop blowing When will the bell ring? The sun in the sky Is big and hot and yellow Please do not blow up.

Culture- Floating Worlds

Into this Ukiyo - Floating world, any man from any class In the cicada's cry No sign can foretell who had the money and was willing to spend it could go. How soon it must die. Provided release from restrictions, duties, and drabness of medieval society. Geisha - prostitutes, but also accomplished actresses, musicians, and conversationalists The government saw subversive tendency in these trends and tried to legislate against the gaiety. Show 1:30

minutes of this video

 Social order based on inherited position rather than personal merits The shogunate established a rigid class system; a person born in one class could not move to another class. This system is called Shi-no-ko-sho. Shi means Bushi, or Samurai. No means farmers and peasants Ko means craftsmen. Sho means merchants and shopkeepers. Below were two sub groups: The Eta class were considered unclean-only allowed to work as butchers or tanners The Hinin, ornon-human,- criminals - the lowest

Social structure

Economy
Agriculture central to economy New crop strains, irrigation, fertilizer Steel making, pottery, lacquer ware, porcelain Brewing of sake Urban centers connected by roads Lords paid in rice by shogun Samurai paid in rice by lords Rice converted into money

Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry

Negotiated for months Ends Isolation of Japan 1854 Treaty signed opened two ports to U.S. Gave permission for American ships to refuel

"giant dragons puffing smoke."

I want to sleep Swat the flies Softly, please.

End of the Tokugawa Period

Declining agricultural production famines Unequal treaties with Western powers Rice prices unstable Merchant class rises - Samurai class declines Outer lords decentralization revival of support for Emperor Revere the Emperor, expel the barbarians rebel and topple bakufu

The flap of a bat, drip drip of monsoon waters. Ancient image stares. Some samurai

Meiji A dead chrysanthemum and yet - isn't there still something remaining in it?

Restoration (young emperor Mutsuhito)

PowerPoint over I can put down my pen And go back to sleep

IV. Russia
Peter the Great

I like the west and I cannot lie!

(reigned 1682-1725)

Click for video

Peters background
1689 (aged 17) removed his sister, Sophia, from power and ruled as Russias sole leader Nearly 7 feet tall and very broad Learned how to be carpenter, talked to mathematicians and learned how best to train soldiers- including how to torture people. Spent time living with soldiers learning about fortifications and ballistics

Reforms:
Brought Orthodox Church under state control-increased revenue Promoted low ranking people according to merit (created loyalty) However he was an autocrat who believed that everything should go through him. History scarcely affords an example of where so many of low birth have been raised to such dignities as in tsar Peters reign or where so many of the highest birth and fortune have been leveled to the lowest rank in life.
(John G. Korb, Secretary of the Austrian Legation at the Court of

Military reforms
Introduced a standing army in 1699. By 1725, Russia had 130,000 men in the army. The navy was essentially Peter the Greats creation- based at the mouth of the River Don and then expanded to the Baltic Sea. The officers in the navy were foreign but the crews were Russian. Paid for by a soul tax on all males Military reforms were also financed by indirect taxes on beards, horse-collars, bee-hives etc.

Westernization & Modernization

Introduced potato to Russia. Created first Russian newspaper Raised the status of women (no more veils). Westernized dress and forbade beards. Brought artisans and advisers to Russia. Established schools for mathematics, science, medicine & engineering in Moscow Built factories owned and organized by the state (hindered by size of Russia) However little was achieved in

Visionary or loony?

St. Petersburg, Russia

Peters window on the west

During the first few years of St. Petersburg's history, the banks of the Neva saw an amazing transition from a swampy, scarcely populated area to a fine European capital.

A group of clergy lead the first procession over a new iron bridge in St. Petersburg, Russia.

Winter Palace

Peter the Greats Issues: Need for a sea port Increases serfdom Heavy taxes Copies Colberts French economic plan (stateowned industry, but they were few in number) Education required for all children of landowners Most of Russia remained rural and poor.

(Peter III) Catherine the Great

(married to Peter the Greats grandson Peter II)

(reigned1762-1796)

If I could live for 200 years, all of Europe would be brought under Russian rule. Catherine the Great At one point he issued an order for all of the sick sailors to recover as soon as possible.

Several times during a funeral service Peter II broke out laughing, stuck his tongue out and talked in a loud voice, interrupting the priests. He ordered the firing of big guns in St. Petersburg from morning till night. The city rocked with the loud bangs of constant mock warfare; the clamorous din prevented everyone from sleeping. Needless to say, this action failed to endear him to St. Petersburg's residents. He tried to make all his dignitaries divorce their wives and remarry the ones he chose.

So, Catherine had him deposed and he is accidentally murdered soon after.

Uh oh! Catherine was German.

Catherine seeks Enlightenment but fails:

Reads extensively up on current affairs Corresponds with Voltaire & Diderot
Voltaire calls her star of the north

Writes comedies, fiction & memoirs Laid groundwork for great writers of 19th century Codifies Russian laws based on Montesquieu Religious tolerance until French Revolution!
provides asylum for Jesuits

Tries to become an international moderator Outlaws torture and capital punishment Remind you of Louis XIV?

Cartoon shows Catherine II, faint and shying away from William Pitt, who appears as Petruchio / Don Quixote on horseback (George IIIs authority has been usurped by Pitt), seated behind Pitt are the King of Prussia and a figure representing Holland as Sancho Panza, Selim III kneels to kiss the horse's tail; a gaunt figure representing the old order in France and Leopold II (Prussia) render assistance to Catherine by preventing her from falling to the ground.

Catherines awareness that she was not beautiful prompted her to surround herself with men. She had 21 known lovers, the last after she had turned 60. As each lover dropped from favor, she rewarded him with a title, estate, serfs and money-reputedly based on his performance!

Did she die on the toilet or under her horse?

Catherines Legacies
POLITICAL Owes her power to the nobles (Boyars) Serf Revolt of 1773 crushed Expands Russia to the Black Sea (warm water port) adds 2000,000 sq.mi to Russia defeats Ottomans - Crimea Partitions Poland takes a third (huge Jewish population) Attempts to negotiate with Tokagawa Japan

 SOCIAL Serfs reduced to chattel (land tax) Separates social classes Writes manual for education of young children Creates schools for girls ECONOMIC Encourages trade & industry - slow to show results

She is successful in some areas but is hampered by the boyars

Catherines weak points

Abandoned support of serfs after Pugachev Rebellion Devotion to her favorites blinded her vision Responsible for several deaths Did not punish the men who assassinated her husband