OSI Model

Name-Sangeeta Kumari Enrollment No.04415904411 Course-MCA1 Page 1

BY

THE NEED FOR STANDARDS

Over the past couple of decades many of the networks that were built used different hardware and software implementations, as a result they were incompatible and it became difficult for networks using different specifications to communicate with each other. To address the problem of networks being incompatible and unable to communicate with each other, the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) researched various network schemes. The ISO recognised there was a need to create a NETWORK MODEL that would help vendors create interoperable network implementations.

Page 2

What is OSI?
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) is a set of internationally recognized, non-proprietary standards for networking and for operating system involved in networking functions.

8. O/S or User Application

7.
6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1.

Application Layer
Presentation Layer Session Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Data Link Layer Physical Layer

0. Physical Transmission Media

Page 3

What is OSI?
OSI is short for Open Systems Interconnection. OSI model was first introduced by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1984 Outlines WHAT needs to be done to send data from one computer to another. Not HOW it should be done. Protocols stacks handle how data is prepared for transmittal

Contains specifications in 7 different layers that interact with each other.

Page 4

What is THE MODEL?

Commonly referred to as the OSI reference model. The OSI model is a theoretical blueprint that helps us understand how data gets from one users computer to another. It is also a model that helps develop standards so that all of our hardware and software talks nicely to each other. BOTTOM LINE: The OSI model aids standardization of networking technologies by providing an organized structure for hardware and software developers to follow, to insure there products are compatible with current and future technologies.

Page 5

7 Layer OSI Model

Why use a reference model? Serves as an outline of rules for how protocols can be used to allow communication between computers. Each layer has its own function and provides support to other layers. Other reference models are in use. Most well known is the TCP/IP reference model. We will compare the OSI and TCP/IP models in this presentation. As computing requirements increased, the network modeling had to evolve to meet ever increasing demands of larger networks and multiple venders. Problems and technology advances also added to the demands for changes in network modeling.

Page 6

Evolution of the 7-Layers

Single Layer Model - First Communication Between Computer Devices Dedicated copper wire or radio link Hardware & software inextricably intertwined Single specification for all aspects of communication Single Layer Model - First Communication Between Computer Devices

Hardware & Software

Hardware & Software

Device A

Device B Page 7

Evolution of the 7-Layers (2)

Two Layer Model Problem: Applications were being developed to run over everincreasing number of media/signaling systems.

Solution: Separate application aspects from technical (signaling and routing) aspects
Application Layer: Concerned with user interface, file access and file transfer

Application

Application

Technical Standards

Technical Standards

Page 8

Evolution of the 7-Layers (3)

Four Layer Model - Network connectivity inherently requires travel over intermediate devices (nodes) Technical Standards Level divided into Network, Data-link and Physical Layers

Application

Application

Network Data-Link Physical

Network Data-Link Physical

Page 9

Evolution of the 7-Layers (3) cont.

Physical Layer Describes physical aspects of network: cards, wires, etc Specifies interconnect topologies and devices Network Layer Defines a standard method for operating between nodes Address scheme is defined (IP) Accounts for varying topologies Data-Link Works with Network Layer to translate logical addresses (IP) into hardware addresses (MAC) for transmission Defines a single link protocol for transfer between two nodes

Page 10

Evolution of the 7-Layers (4)

Five Layer Model Increase Quality of Service (QOS) Variable levels of data integrity in network Additional data exchanges to ensure connectivity over worst conditions Became the Transport Layer Transport Network Data-Link Physical Transport Network Data-Link

Application

Application

Physical

Page 11

Evolution of the 7-Layers (5)

Six Layer Model - Dialogue Control and Dialogue Separation Means of synchronizing transfer of data packets Allows for checkpointing to see if data arrives (at nodes and end stations) Became Session Layer

Application

Application

Session Transport Network

Session
Transport Network Data-Link Physical

Data-Link
Physical

Page 12

Evolution of the 7-Layers (6)

The Seven Layer OSI Model Addition of Management and Security Standardizing notation or syntax for application messages (abstract syntax) Set of encoding rules (transfer syntax) Became the Presentation Layer

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data-Link Physical

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data-Link Physical

Page 13

7 Layer OSI Model

Benefits to using the OSI reference model. Breaks down communication into smaller, simpler parts. Easier to teach communication process. Speeds development, changes in one layer does not effect how the other levels works. Standardization across manufactures. Allows different hardware and software to work together. Reduces complexity.

Page 14

How Does It All Work Together

Each layer contains a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) PDUs are used for peer-to-peer contact between corresponding layers. Data is handled by the top three layers, then Segmented by the Transport layer. The Network layer places it into packets and the Data Link frames the packets for transmission. Physical layer coverts it to bits and sends it out over the media. The receiving computer reverses the process using the information contained in the PDU.

Page 15

Sending Computer User Application

Receiving Computer

7 Application 7 Application

User Application

6 Presentation
6 Presentation 5 Session 5 Session
Transmission Media

4 Transport
3 Network

4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link

2 Data Link
1 Physical

1 Physical
Page 16

SUMMARY
There was no standard for networks in the early days and as a result it was difficult for networks to communicate with each other. The International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) recognised this. and researched various network schemes, and in 1984 introduced the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model. The OSI reference model has standards which ensure vendors greater compatibility and interoperability between various types of network technologies. The OSI reference model organizes network functions into seven numbered layers.

Each layer provides a service to the layer above it in the protocol specification and communicates with the same layers software or hardware on other computers. Layers 1-4 are concerned with the flow of data from end to end through the network and Layers 5-7 are concerned with services to the applications.

Page 17

THANK YOU

Page 18