Latest Trends in Optical Communication

Latest Trends in Optical Communication
Dr.V.P. Sudeep Kumar

Sr. Sub Divisional Engineer RTTC, BSNL
Some Questions
What is meant by bandwidth?

Why infra red light is used in optical fibers? Why the bandwidth is so high in Optical Communication?
Gigabit,Terabit,Petabit,exabit zettabit and yottabit..
BSNL
Regional Telecom Training centre
Basically- E/O and O/E
BSNL
Fiber optic communication system

Optical Fibre
Transmitter
Electrical output signal
Receiver Light ray trapped in the core of the fibre

Electrical input signal
BSNL
Rise and Rise of optical fibers

1960 196519701983199320002005BSNL
Invention of laser - Schawlow and Townes Optical fiber by Charles Kao and Hockam Practical optical fiber by Maurer et.al Optical links used for Internet(TCP/IP) WWW emerged Data traffic exceeded that of voice Tera bit - communication systems.
Dr.Kao
Lighting the Future

BSNL
Fiber is not enough- huge BW is needed?

5
Dramatic increase of Internet traffic

data
traffic (arb. un.)
data overcomes voice Data tsunami
Impact on the network

data-centric
voice 2004 year
BSNL
2008
access Core
0 2000
Data networks
Bus Hub
Switch
Token Ring
Increasing bandwidth Options in fiber

More Fibers (FDM)
Same bit rate, more fibers
W D M
Same fiber & bit rate, more ls
Faster Electronics (TDM)

BSNL
Higher bit rate, same fiber

Single Wavelength Vs Multi wavelength.

optical receiver
optical transmitter
TDM
optical fibre
+
Limits to 10 Gbps?
Multiwavelength Transmitter
MUX
WDM
DMX
Multiwavelength Receiver
4x 10 Gbps?
BSNL
DWDM-How it works
BSNL
Evolution of DWDM
Late 1990s 1996 DWDM Early 1990s Narrowband WDM
64+ channels 25~50 GHz spacing 16+ channels 100~200 GHz spacing
2~8 channels 200~400 GHz spacing 2 channels 1310nm, 1550nm
1980s Wideband WDM
BSNL
DWDM-How it works
BSNL
DWDM -analogy
STM-1 STM-4 STM-16 STM-64 STM-128
155Mb 622Mb 2.5Gb 10Gb 40Gb

10Gb 2.5Gb 2.5Gb
Maximum =40Gb
STM-64 STM-16 STM-16 STM-16 STM-64 STM-16 STM-16

BSNL
2.5Gb
10Gb 2.5Gb 2.5Gb
Maximum 40Gb*8= 320Gbps
STM-16
2.5Gb
DWDM- Transmission Bands

Band Wavelength (nm) 820 - 900 1260 1360 1360 1460 1460 1530 1530 1565 1565 1625 1625 1675
New Band S-Band C-Band L-Band U-Band

BSNL
ITU-T Frequency Grid For WDM

For DWDM - G.692 Rec.
Centre Frequency Wavelength (THz) (nm) 195.9 195.8 195.7 195.6 195.5 195.4 195.3 195.2 : : : : : 1530.33 1531.12 1531.90 1532.68 1533.47 1534.25 1535.04 1535.82 : : : : : Centre Frequency Wavelength (THz) (nm) : : : 192.6 192.5 192.4 192.3 192.2 192.1 192.0 191.9 191.8 191.7 : : : 1556.55 1557.36 1558.17 1558.98 1559.79 1560.61 1561.42 1562.23 1563.05 1563.86
N.B. Channel Spacing 100 GHz (0.1 THz) or 0.8 nm.

BSNL
MultiWavelength(DWDM)
MDT
MDT
Transponder Interfaces
M U X
PostAmp PreAmp
D E M U X
Line Amplifiers
Transponder Interfaces
Direct Connections
Direct Connections
Terminal A
Terminal B
MDT MDT MDT MDT
MDT MDT MDT MDT
MDT
MDT
Multiplexers
l l l l
l l l l
1 2 ..
32
2 : 32
BSNL
Multiplexing (DWDM) ?
At Ingress: Multiple Optical signals of differing wavelengths are combined to form a single optical signal.
BSNL
Multiplexing
l1
l2
Multiplexer
l1, l2, l3, l4
l3
l4
BSNL
Optical Multiplexing
BSNL
Demultiplexing (DWDM)
At Egress: A single Optical signals is refracted to separate multiple Optical signals of differing wavelengths.
BSNL
Demultiplexing
l1
l1, l2, l3, l4
Demultiplexer
l2
l3
l4
BSNL
Bidirectional Wavelength Division Multiplexing(CWDM)
BSNL
Bi-directional using WDM

Significant savings possible with so called bi-directional transmission using WDM This is called "full-duplex" transmission Individual wavelengths used for each direction
Linking two locations will involve only one fibres, two WDM mux/demuxs and two transceivers
Transmitter Receiver
lA
WDM Mux/Demux A
l A l B
WDM Mux/Demux B
lB
Transmitter Receiver
l B
Local Transceiver
Fibre
Distant Transceiver
l A
BSNL
Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing(CWDM)
BSNL
CWDM
WDM with wider channel spacing (typical 20 nm) More cost effective than DWDM
Driven by:

Cost-conscious telecommunications environment Need to better utilize existing infrastructure
Main deployment is foreseen on:

Single mode fibres meeting ITU Rec. G.652. Metro networks
BSNL
CWDM Wavelength Grid: G.694

ITU-T G.694 defines wavelength grids for CWDM Applications G.694 defines a wavelength grid with 20 nm channel spacing:

Total source wavelength variation of the order of 6-7 nm is assumed Guard-band equal to one third of the minimum channel spacing is sufficient. Hence 20 nm chosen
18 wavelengths between 1270 nm and 1610 nm.
ITU CWDM Grid (nm)
1270 1290 1310 1330 1350 1370 1390 1410 1430 1450 1470 1490
1510 1530 1550 1570 1590 1610

BSNL
Ultra Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing(UDWDM)
BSNL
Ultra Dense Channel Spacing

Trend is toward smaller channel spacings, to incease the channel count
ITU channel spacings are 0.4 nm, 0.8 nm and 1.6 nm (50, 100 and 200 GHz)
Also spacings of 0.2 nm (25 GHz) and even 0.1 nm (12.5 GHz) Requires laser sources with excellent long term wavelength stability, better than 10 pm One target is to allow more channels in the C-band without other upgrades
0.2 nm
Wavelength in nm
BSNL
Optical adding and Dropping OADM
BSNL
Optical Add-Drop
DWDM Multiplexer
Add/Drop Mux/Demux
Receivers
Power Amp Transponder
Optical fibre
Line Amp
Receive Preamp DWDM DeMultiplexe r
200 km
Each wavelength still behaves as if it has it own "virtual fibre" Wavelengths can be added and dropped as required at some intermediate location
BSNL
Optical Add-Drop Multiplexer

An Optical Add-Drop Multiplexer allow access to individual DWDM signals without conversion back to an electronic domain
In the example below visible colours are used to mimic DWDM wavelengths

Wavelengths 1,3 and 4 enter the OADM Wavelengths 1 and 4 pass through Wavelength 3 (blue) is dropped to a customer Wavelengths 2 (green) and a new signal on 3 (blue) are added Downstream signal has wavelengths 1,2,3 and 4
Wavelengths 1 2 3 4
Wavelengths 1 2 3 4
OADM
1234 Dropped Wavelength(s)
BSNL
1234 Added Wavelength(s) Regional Telecom Training centre
Optical Cross connects OXC
BSNL
Optical Cross-Connect (OXC)

Need reconfigurable OADM, allows change to the added and dropped wavelengths
OADM becomes an OXC (Optical Cross-Connect)

Large number of DWDM wavelengths possible means a large number of ports Needs to be remotely configurable, intelligent Should be non-blocking, any combination of dropped/added possible
In addition, insertion loss, physical size, polarization effects, and switching times are critical considerations.
Incoming DWDM signal Outgoing DWDM signal
OXC
Dropped Wavelength Fibre Ports

BSNL
Added Wavelength Fibre Ports Regional Telecom Training centre

Source: Master 7_7
Key component-Fiber Grating

In an FBG, a periodic variation in refractive index is induced along the core of an optical fiber. The refractive index variation is made by exposing the fiber to the UV-light with a fixed interference pattern.
Glass core
Glass cladding
Plastic jacket
Periodic refraction index change (Gratings)

BSNL
Optical AmplifiersEDFA and Raman
BSNL
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier

Isolator Coupler Isolator
Erbium-Doped Fiber (1050m)

Pump Laser
Simple device consisting of four parts: Erbium-doped fiber An optical pump (to invert the population). A coupler,an isolator to cut off backpropagating noise
BSNL
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
BSNL
Optical Amplifier:Principle
540 670 820 980 Metastable 1480 state 1550 nm
PUMP PHOTON 980 nm
Ground state
ERBIUM ELECTRONS IN FUNDAMENTAL STATE

BSNL
Optical Amplifiers:Principle
ERBIUM ELECTRONS IN EXCITED STATE
PUMP PHOTON 980 nm
ENERGY ABSORPTION
ERBIUM ELECTRONS IN FUNDAMENTAL STATE

BSNL
EXCITED STATE
METASTABLE STATE
PUMP PHOTON 980 nm
FUNDAMENTAL STATE
BSNL
EXCITED STATE METASTABLE STATE
ASE Photons 1550 nm
PUMP PHOTON 980 nm
FUNDAMENTAL STATE
BSNL
FUNDAMENTAL STATE
EXCITED STATE
METASTABLE STATE
PUMP PHOTON 980 nm
SIGNAL PHOTON 1550 nm
STIMULATED PHOTON 1550 nm
FUNDAMENTAL STATE
BSNL
FUNDAMENTAL STATE
Optical Amplifiers: Multi-wavelength Amplification
BSNL
EDFA-Commercial
BSNL
Optical Amplifiers - Applications

In line amplifier
-30-70 km -To increase transmission link
Pre-amplifier
- Low noise -To improve receiver sensitivity
Booster amplifier
- 17 dBm - TV
LAN booster amplifier

BSNL
Raman Amplifier
Transmission fiber
1450/ 1550 nm WDM
Transmission fiber
Er Amplifier
1550 nm signal(s)
1453 nm pump
Cladding pumped fiber laser
Raman fiber laser
BSNL
Trends in Optical amplifier

Rare earth-Doped Fiber Amplifiers
Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFA) Thulium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers (TDFA) Praseodymium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers (PDFA) : C, L-Band : S-Band : O-Band
Fiber Raman Amplifiers

Discrete Raman Amplifiers Distributed Raman Amplifiers (DRA)
Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers (SOA)

conventional SOA
Hybrid Amplification
BSNL
Use of Optical Amplifiers

Client OLTE Client OLTE
For Example : SDH STM-16 / SONET OC-48 2.5 Gb/s on 1 fiber of 70 km
BSNL

Client TX OLTE RX Client OLTE
OA For Example : SDH STM-16 / SONET OC-48 Link with 1 transmission Optical Amplifier (OA) Point to Point Link 2.5 Gb/s on 1 fiber of 100 km
BSNL

OA For Example : SDH STM-16 / SONET OC-48
OA
Link with 1 transmission OA + 1 receiver OA Point to Point Link 2.5 Gb/s on 1 fibre of 250 km
BSNL

OA
OA
OA
For Example :
SDH STM-16 / SONET OC-48

Link with 1 transmission OA + 1 receiver OA + With line OA Point to Point Link 2.5 Gb/s on 1 fiber of 500- 600 km
BSNL
TDM Solutions for 600 Kms

SDH
SDH SDH
3R 3R 3R 3R 3R 3R 3R 3R 3R 3R 3R 3R 3R 3R 3R 3R 3R 3R 3R 3R 3R 3R 3R 3R 3R 3R 3R 3R 3R 3R 3R 3R 3R
SDH
SDH SDH
SDH
SDH SDH
3R
3R 3R
3R
3R 3R
3R
3R 3R
3R
3R 3R
3R
3R 3R
3R
3R 3R
3R
3R 3R
3R
3R 3R
3R
3R 3R
3R
3R 3R
3R
3R 3R
SDH
SDH SDH
32 Clients => 64 Fibers + 704 3R SDH / SONET Regenerators

BSNL
WDM Solution for 600 Kms

SDH
SDH SDH OM / OA OA / OD
SDH
SDH SDH
SDH
SDH SDH
OA
OA
OA
SDH
SDH SDH
32 Clients => 2 Fibers + 5 Optical Amplifiers

BSNL
Exploiting the Full Capacity of Optical Fibre

Recent DWDM capacity records
Manufacturer Lucent Channel Count 82 Total Capacity 3.28 Terabits/sec
Alcatel
NEC Siemens Alcatel NEC
128
160 176 256 273
5.12 Terabits/sec
6.4 Terabits/sec 7.04 Terabits/sec 10.2 Terabits/sec 10.9 Terabits/sec
NTT-1046 lamda 25 Tbps

BSNL
Fiber Communication systems

Terrestrial Submarine
Intra
2Km
Long Up to 600 km Very 600-1000 Km
Short
Long LR1 Long LR2
15 Km
40 Km 80Km
Ultra 1000-2000 Km
Very
Ultra
BSNL
120 Km
160 Km
A1 Nodes - 5 Ambala Ajmer Ludhiana Ferozpur Bhopal Gwalior Amritsar Lucknow Jabalpur Jullundar Mehsana Jaipur
Si Si
Faridabad Gurgaon
Jodhpur Kanpur
Noida
A2+A3 Nodes - 9
Ghaziabad
A4 Nodes - 10 B1 + B2 Nodes - 47
Varanasi
Shimla
Si
Allahabad
Si
Dehradun Meerut
Agra Dimapur Shilong
Chandigarh
Patna
Guwahati
Siliguri
Noida
Kalyan Ahmedabad Indore Rajkot
Ranchi
Durgapur
Kolkata Mumbai
Si
Bhubneshwar
Jamshedpur
Si
Surat
Nagpur Vadodara Aurangabad Panjim Kolhapur
Si
Pune
Banglore
Chennai
Ernakulam
Si
Coimbtore
Manglore
Si
Madurai Hyderabad
Si
Vijaywada
Raipur
Trichy Pondicherry
Nashik Vizag Rajmundary Trichur Palghat Trivandrum Kalikat Belgaum Hubli Mysore
BSNL
Tirupati
Undersea Optical communication
BSNL
The first decade of subsea fiber optics

1986; First international subsea optical cable between U.K. and Belgium 1988: TAT-8 becomes the first transoceanic optical cable 1992: TAT-9 and TAT-10 with 565mb capacity each 1993: TAT-11 with 2x565mb, the first gigabit level transoceanic cable! 1994: Cantat-3 with 5gig! 1998: Atlantic Crossing 1 with 840 gig design capacity! Then came the terabit years
BSNL
Ten years later (end 2008)

Approx. 25 Terabit capacity under the atlantic 13 Terabit circling South America 23 Terabit under the Pacific 33Tb East and North-East Asia 2.5Tb Europe-Asia; another 14.3Tb for 2009-2010 (IMEWE, EIG, MENA) Only 0.355 Terabit circling the west part of the African continent, nothing on the east-side but that will change considerably over the next three years starting with Seacom later this year.
BSNL
Cables
ALCATEL OALC4 - 17mm Cable
3 m
Do not regenerate, amplify

Erbium-doped fiber amplifier Well adapted to WDM Direct monitoring
Multiple channels in a fiber
Under sea cable
BSNL
Cable routes Survey
BSNL
Under sea
BSNL
Under sea cable
BSNL
Under Sea communication

More than 650000km Production 150000 km/yr More than 140 cable laying ships Domestic and international Depth 1000m to 2000m at a burial depth of 3m
BSNL
BSNL
BSNL
SEA-ME-WE 3
20 Gbps (STM-128) 2.5 Gbps x 4 Wavelengths x 2 Fiber Pairs Submarine Cable Network
Type: Consortium
S. KOREA CHINA Keoje JAPAN Okinawa
UK FRANCE PORTUGAL MORACCO ITALY GREECE CYPRUS TURKEY EGYPT THAILAND Satun
Shanghai
Shantou HONG KONG Deep Water Bay VIET NAM Danang PHILIPPINES Batangas MALAYSIA Mersing DJIBOUTI U.A.E. PAKISTAN INDIA Cochin Munbai SINGAPORE Tuss Tungku MYANMAR Pyayyypon TAIWAN Taipei Toucheng
Fangshan
INDONESIA Jakarta Medan Penang
SAUDI ARABIA
OMAN
Branch Unit
DWDM-China-US
Type: Consortium S. KOREA Pusan JAPAN Chikura Okinawa Active US Bandon, OR San Luis Obispo, CA TAIWAN Fangshan CHINA Chongming Shantou GUAM 16,000 Route miles 80 Gbps / 2XSTM-256 2.5 Gbps x 8 Wavelengths x 4 Fiber Pairs
DWDM PC - 1
Type: Private (Global Crossing) Initial 160 Gbps capacity, 2.5 Gbps (STM-16) x 8 Wavelengths x 4 fiber pairs (Upgradeable to 640 Gbps using DWDM technology)
JAPAN Ajigaura Shima November 2000 In Service
US
Harbour Pointe, WA Grover Beach, CA
12,600 Route miles
Japan-US
US Manchester, CA JAPAN Kita-Ibaraki Maruyama Shima
Moro Bay / San Luis Obispo, CA
640 Gbp/s SDH Ring 10 Gbps x16 Wavelengths x 4 Fiber Pairs
HAWAII Makaha Beach, Oahu
12,00 Route miles
Southern Cross
November 2000 HAWAII Kahe Point Spencer Beach November 2000 FIJI 160 Gbp/s SDH Ring Design January 2001
USA Nedonna, OR San Luis Obispo, CA
Suva
AUSTRALIA Belrose, Sidney Rosebery, Sidney 80 Gbp/s SDH Ring Design
NEW ZEALAND
Takapuna Whenuapal
November 2000
Backhaul & cable sys interface: STM-1
Branch Unit
FLAG Pacific-1
Type: Private (FLAG Telecom)
ALASKA
JAPAN Misaki Chikura Aleutians
Vancouver / Seattle Loop CANADA
10 Gbps x 64 Wavelengths x 8 Fiber Pairs Tokyo / Yokahama Loop
Vancouver Is.
US Washington
Bay Area - North Bay Area - South HAWAII Honolulu San Francisco / Los Angeles Loop
22,000 Route miles Supplier is Alcatel
ASIA PAC CABLE NETWORK 2

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
10 Gbps x 64 Wavelengths x 4 Fiber Pairs JAPAN
S. Korea
Pusan
Kitaibaraki Chikura
CHINA Shanghai Shantou TAIWAN Toucheua HONG KONG Lantau 2.56 Tbp/s SDH Ring Design PHILIPINES Batangas
MALAYSIA
Kuan Tan SINGAPORE Katoug
Questions ???
BSNL

Latest Trends in Optical Communication

Cargado por

Información del documento

Descripción original:

Título original

Derechos de autor

Formatos disponibles

Compartir este documento

Compartir o incrustar documentos

Opciones para compartir

¿Le pareció útil este documento?

¿Este contenido es inapropiado?

Copyright:

Formatos disponibles

Latest Trends in Optical Communication

Cargado por

Copyright:

Formatos disponibles

Latest Trends in Optical Communication

Dr.V.P. Sudeep Kumar

What is meant by bandwidth?

Regional Telecom Training centre

Basically- E/O and O/E

Regional Telecom Training centre

Fiber optic communication system

Electrical output signal

Receiver Light ray trapped in the core of the fibre

Regional Telecom Training centre

Rise and Rise of optical fibers

Lighting the Future

Regional Telecom Training centre

Fiber is not enough- huge BW is needed?

Dramatic increase of Internet traffic

traffic (arb. un.)

data overcomes voice Data tsunami

Impact on the network

Regional Telecom Training centre

Increasing bandwidth Options in fiber

Same bit rate, more fibers

Same fiber & bit rate, more ls

Faster Electronics (TDM)

Higher bit rate, same fiber

Single Wavelength Vs Multi wavelength.

Regional Telecom Training centre

Regional Telecom Training centre

2~8 channels 200~400 GHz spacing 2 channels 1310nm, 1550nm

1980s Wideband WDM

Regional Telecom Training centre

Regional Telecom Training centre

155Mb 622Mb 2.5Gb 10Gb 40Gb

STM-64 STM-16 STM-16 STM-16 STM-64 STM-16 STM-16

Maximum 40Gb*8= 320Gbps

Regional Telecom Training centre

DWDM- Transmission Bands

New Band S-Band C-Band L-Band U-Band

ITU-T Frequency Grid For WDM

N.B. Channel Spacing 100 GHz (0.1 THz) or 0.8 nm.

Regional Telecom Training centre

MDT MDT MDT MDT

MDT MDT MDT MDT

Regional Telecom Training centre

Regional Telecom Training centre

l1, l2, l3, l4

Regional Telecom Training centre

Regional Telecom Training centre

l1, l2, l3, l4

Regional Telecom Training centre

Bidirectional Wavelength Division Multiplexing(CWDM)

Regional Telecom Training centre

Bi-directional using WDM

Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing(CWDM)

Regional Telecom Training centre

Cost-conscious telecommunications environment Need to better utilize existing infrastructure

Main deployment is foreseen on:

Single mode fibres meeting ITU Rec. G.652. Metro networks

Regional Telecom Training centre

CWDM Wavelength Grid: G.694

18 wavelengths between 1270 nm and 1610 nm.

ITU CWDM Grid (nm)

1510 1530 1550 1570 1590 1610