Disease Induced dynamics in host parasitoid systems: chaos and coexistence

BY: KATHARINE F. PREEDY, PIETA G. SCHOFIELD, MARK A. J. CHAPLAIN, AND STEPHEN F. HUBBARD

PRESENTED BY : JORGE REYES-SILVEYRA, OLEG KOLGUSHEV, & RAVI SHANKER PANDEY

11/1/11

INTRODUCTION
Host parasitoid system Host: An organism that harbors a parasite by

providing nourishment and shelter. Parasitoid: are insects whose larvae develop by feeding on a single host and spends a significant portion of its life attached to or within host organism Parasite vs. Parasitoid: Parasitoids are similar to parasites except that they sterilizes or kill and sometimes consumes, the host.

INTRODUCTION
Classification of Parasitoids:
Idiobionts: Immobilize or kill their host at the time

of oviposition.

Koinobionts: Let the host alive till juvenile

parasitoids emerge from their eggs.

Why to study parasitoids?

INTRODUCTION
Host-parasitoids are subject to disease also, but

very few modeling has been done to address dynamics of Host-parasitoid-pathogen interaction.

Transmission of Disease: Horizontally: being in contact with infected host, dirty needle effect.
Vertically: through infection of eggs from an

infected mother.

INTRODUCTION
The effect of such infections are simulated by

mathematical model by introducing disease dynamics into a model system of two parasitoids attacking a single host species.

In this model they have analyzed: steady state of model and their stability. Transient dynamics
Spatio-temporal dynamics: random motility has been

included to examine spatial effects in host-parasitoids due to their movement in given domain.

MODEL
Two Versions: With and without host infection. Both:

Species of parasitoids (P1 and P2) 1 Type of Host (H) Parasites death rates (d1,d2), host growth rate (r) and carrying capacity (K) is same in both. Handling time is a function of the form (1-e-H) determines the efficiency of parasitoids to infect host Ivlev or Holling type II functional response

Ivlev or Holling type II functional response

If a population of consumers feeds on limited resources, then the change in individual consumption with change in resource density will be dh(1-e-H)

FIRST MODEL

Parasites death rates (d1,d2), host growth rate (r) and

carrying capacity (K) Infection capacity rates (1 and 2) New generation of parasites in host (e1 and e3) Steady states (0,0,0),(K,0,0),(H,0,P2),(H,P1,0) Not (H,P1,P2)

SECOND MODEL
Inclusion of host

infection into the system. Uninfected (hu) and infected (hi) hosts Mortality rate of infected host () Transmissibility between uninfected and infected hosts ()

NON DIMENSIONAL: SECOND MODEL MODIFIED

t=rt,

hu=(hu/K),hi=(hi/K ), P1=(P1/K) and P2=(P2/K) In the model: si=i/r pi=i*K v=K/r ci=((ei*i)/r) i=di/r

SECOND MODEL MODIFIED CASES

Case 1:

(0,0,0,0), (1,0,0,0), (0,hi,0,0), (hi,hu,0,0), (0,hi,0,P2), (hu,0,0,P2), (hu,0,P1,0), (o,hi,P1,0), (hu,hi,P1,P2) In the absence of one species of parasitoid the infected or uninfected host become extinct If Infection is omitted, then weaker parasitoid goes extinct Big oscilations, high amplitude at beginning

SECOND MODEL MODIFIED CASE 1

SECOND MODEL MODIFIED CASES

Case 2:

Change infection rate(v) and death rates(1, 2) Conversion point is an unstable spiral (no convergence)

SECOND MODEL MODIFIED CASES

Case 3:

Increase v Increased amplitude oscillations and frequency After 50,000 steps system does not stabilize Fixed point is not stable either

SPATIO-TEMPORAL DYNAMICS
Temporal model the system creates unstable/chaotic regions in the solution. Movement in space need to be considered. For simplicity, one dimensional bounded space is used (0,L) D are random motility coefficients: D1 = D2 = 8 * 10-7 D3 = D4 = 7.5 * 10-6 Diffusion of host is slower that diffusion of parasitoid in this model Equal diffusion creates similar solutions as in ODE

SPATIO-TEMPORAL DYNAMICS

Initially, a wave of uninfected hosts closely followed waves of P1. 4b) P2 leads a wave train through the domain. In the absence of infection P2 can not compete and drops to low levels. 4c) we see rich Dynamics associated with the transient phase of ODE with high-frequency, large amplitude oscillations. 4d,e,f) as the host infection invades, P2 follows it and the oscillations slow down and rapidly decrease in amplitude and the system has reached its steady state. The transient oscillations in the healthy host population mean that the infection is not invading a homogeneous population and the wave of invasion is disrupted. The order of invasion can be explained by the fact that parasitoids require hosts to reproduce and hence cannot exist without them, so the hosts must invade first. The infection invades at a slower speed than both the healthy hosts and the parasitoids P1. Similarly, P2 has a very low rate of population growth in the absence of infection and it does not invade until the infection has established itself.

SPATIO-TEMPORAL DYNAMICS

5a) as in Figure 2, we see a travelling wave of healthy hosts followed closely by a travelling wave of P1 and P2. 5b) P2 cannot compete and we see a longer period of transient dynamics. 5c) the disruption of waves of infection is extreme here. It does not follow a wave-front, but reaches low levels throughout the domain before rising to a peak and spreading out from it. 5d) P2 cannot compete in the absence of infection, so its population density increases behind the peak of infection and it takes much longer to become established. 5e) the oscillations decrease in amplitude, but this is temporary and the amplitude increases slightly again. 5f) the long-term dynamics of ODE are a stable limit cycle, and in the PDE, we see persistent rich spatiotemporal heterogeneity. This type of behavior has been observed in previous work examining predatorprey systems and hostparasitoid systems.

SPATIO-TEMPORAL DYNAMICS

The rate of infection is Higher and the population P2, becomes established more quickly. The peaks in host infection seen in figure 3a,b do not occur when diffusion is introduced to the system, but we do see pulses of fast oscillations and as can be seen from figure 6f, the infection level continues to vary widely both spatially and temporally. The complex spatiotemporal dynamics seen in figure 5 are very much in evidence here with larger oscillations and a greater degree of spatiotemporal heterogeneity.

DISCUSSION
Theoretical model has been developed to address

the effect of disease in host-parasitoids system. Two parasitoids are included in system, that proved to be useful in avoiding extinction of system. Horizontally as well as vertically transmission has been included, but they did not study the effect of varying vertical transmission parameter. Although disease is detrimental, yet it allows for coexistence of all species, which was not possible in simple host-parasitoids system

DISCUSSION
As disease indirectly benefits the less efficient

competitor, which become extinct in the absence of disease. The finding of co-existence in presence of disease is in contrast to previous findings, as shared host led to extinction of one of the parasitoid. Three cases were studied, by varying only infection rates and relative death rate. For spatio-temporal dynamics, they have not considered the case of aggregation at locations of high chemical cues.

DISCUSSION
If parasitoids were removed from system? Transient dynamics suggest that through

disturbance initial conditions can be achieved and by varying the parameters, it can be extended. Due to this, the region where there is regular disturbance it will never achieve steady state. This model could be applied to predator-preypathogen interactions.

DISCUSSION
Removal of any detrimental agent(to host), may

lead to the loss of other detrimental agents in system. This can help in study of disease dynamics and treatment of pathogenic infection

Thanks