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VSNL
DTS, NIB
Providerexit
Single has point
a statictoroute towards
Outside the Stub AS
world
Also known aggregate
The provider as Single-homed
the Static routes towards the
Need
internet not really learn the routes from its
provider.
Inefficient if customer has Too many discontiguous
Stub
subnetsAS. Traffic can be default to the provider
Static
AS xxxxx AS 4775
STUB
AS
Default ISP
Difficult
Stub to get
AS can run a BGP
registered
4 with AS
the
Number from the InterNIC If the
provider
Routing Policies are the extension
Routing updates
of the policies are
of the exchanged
provider
dynamically
The provider allots the customer
Routing
an AS umberpolicies can pool
from the private be
implemented
of ASs (64512 using BGP 4
~ 65535)
AS xxxxx AS 4775
MTNL VSNL
Non Transit AS
ALTTC / DX/ K.Suresh/ Border Gateway Protocol Version 4 Slide - 8
Multihomed Transit AS
BGP4 is used inside an AS to exchange BGP updates
More than one exit point to the outside world
BGP running inside an AS is called Internal BGP (IBGP)
Allows transit traffic to go through it
BGP running between ASs are called External BGP
(EBGP)
AS xxxxx AS 4775
MTNL VSNL
Transit AS
ALTTC / DX/ K.Suresh/ Border Gateway Protocol Version 4 Slide - 9
Transit & Border Routers
Routers that are running IBGP are called transit
ASBR
routersadvertises its own routes along with the routes
learned from other ASs for the flow of transit traffic
Routers that are running EBGP with other ASs are
Shields all nonAutonomous
usually called transit routers that are
System not Routers
Border running
IBGP
(ASBR)
AS Border
AS xxxxx Routers AS 4775
MTNL VSNL
Transit
Router
Transit AS
ALTTC / DX/ K.Suresh/ Border Gateway Protocol Version 4 Slide - 10
IBGP vs EBGP
Routers
The commands
that belong
for configuring
to the same EBGP
AS and
Routers that belong to different ASs and
IBGP are BGP
exchange the routing
same with
updates
the are
exception
said to be
of
exchange BGP routing updates are said to be
neighborinternal
running ebgp-multihop
BGP (IBGP)
command applicable
running external BGP.
in EBGP
GP
EB
VSNL
IBGP
DTS
0 7 15 23 31
Marker[16]
0 7 15 23 31
Version
Autonomous System
Hold Time
BGP Identifier
Opt parm Len
Optional Parameters
Cease
Open
Message
The
Error Message
(6):Header
Code:
Data: Closes
notification Error
Indicates
Contains a BGP
Error (2):
message
the(1):
data connection
Indicates
Indicates
type is
basedofsent a aat
error
on problem
theerror
when request
problem
the
that with
an withan
of
error
occurred.
codea
Hold
Update
This Time
packet Expired
Message (4):
isinMachine
used
Error Indicates
to(3):indicate
Indicates that
some the hold-time
a Indicates
problem
sort of error
with
Error
Finite
a
open
BGP
message
condition
and
The Subcode:
State
device
message,
following
error is
header, Provides
the
detected
subcode
are such
absence
such
the error
fields. Error
more
as
as of
types specific
(5):
unsupported
any fatal
unacceptable
This defined
field information
errors.
by
is message
one
used an
version
byte
to
has
an expired,
condition
update to after
message,
the which
peers such
of thetime
as a BGP
originating
a malformed node
router. will be
attribute
about
unexpected
number,
length,
diagnose
field: the unacceptable
Notifications nature
the event.
unacceptable
are
reasonof the
used for reported
toautonomous
close
the marker anerror. system
active
field
notification number
session
value,
message with
or
considered
list, nonfunctional.
or IPattribute
details list
address,
unacceptable
error or error, or
unsupported
message invalid
type. next-hop attribute.
authentication code.
0 7 15 23 31
Error Code Error Subcode
Data
AS100 AS 300
A D
129.213.1.2 192.208.10.1
EBGP EBGP
129.213.1.1 192.208.10.2
IBGP
B C
175.220.212.1 175.220.1.2
AS 200
D IBGP
150.10.30.1 190.10.50.1
BGP Configuration
Commands are: IBGP
A 170.10.20.1 B 175.10.40.2
170.10.20.2 175.10.40.1
This process
Internal
Router is not flexible
CBGP (IBGP)
IBGP bgp
The
router is more
routes 400flexible
learned via E C
Router
Router
EBGP
neighbor BA175.10.40.2
IBGP could controls
be redistributedthe
remote-as 100 170.10.0.0 175.10.0.0
router
exchange
router
into IGP
network bgp
bgp 100
of
100
witin AS information
175.10.0.0
neighbor 180.10.30.1 remote-as 100 AS 300 AS 400
within these
neighbor
Then
Router the ASroutes can
D 150.10.30.1 remote-as
be 100
neighbor
Presents
neighbor 190.10.50.1
a100
consistent
bgp175.10.40.1
redistributed
router remote-as
view
again remote-as
into 100
400
neighbor
of theAS
neighbor
another 170.10.20.2
AS to external
180.10.30.1
150.10.30.1 remote-as100
remote-as 300 All IBGP speakers within
network
neighbors
network
neighbor 150.10.0.0
190.10.50.1 remote as 100 an AS to be fully meshed
190.10.0.0
network
ALTTC / DX/180.10.0.0
K.Suresh/ Border Gateway Protocol Version 4 Slide - 30
Use of loopback Interfaces in IBGP
Router B
Loopback interfaces are often used by IBGP peers
loopback
Loopback interface
interface 0is advantageous
interfaces are rarely used andbetween EBGP
eliminates a
Router
If A
Physical Address is used for BGP connection
ip address
peers
dependency 150.212.1.1
becauseon theEBGP 255.255.0.0
state ofpeers are usually directly
the interface
router
between bgp 100
!connectedPeers and
and if the specified interface were to
depend on 100
a particular physical
neighbor
become 150.212.1.1
unavailable, remote-as
Router A would not be able to
router bgp 100
interface for connectivity.
establish a BGP session
neighbor 190.225.11.1 with Router
remote-as 100 B
neighbor 190.225.11.1 update-source loopback 0
Loopback Interface 0
150.212.1.1
190.225.11.1 E2
A IBGP B
E1
AS 100
E2
EBGP
B E1
A 129.213.1.3 B
AS 100 129.213.1.2 AS 300
2.2.2.1 2.2.2.2
A B
150.10.0.0 160.10.0.0 AS 200
AS 100
As 100
150.10.0.0
IGP IGP
RE
RA IBGP RB
2.2.2.2
2.2.2.1
RC RD
As 300
170.10.0.0 As 400
• Origin
• Weight
• Community
An AS_set is a
mathematical
set of all the
ASs that have
been
traversed.
ALTTC / DX/ K.Suresh/ Border Gateway Protocol Version 4 Slide - 42
AS_Path Tree
AS2
AS1 AS3
AS4 ASn-1
AS5 ASn
AS_Path Tree
AS2 172.16.10.0/24- -2
1
172.16.10.0/24-
-1
AS1 AS3
172.16.10.0/24
128.213.1.0/24
192.212.1.0/24
3.3.3.3 1.1.1.1 LA
S0
2.2.2.2 EBGP
SJ SF
IBGP
10.10.10.0/24
.2 RTC
EBGP
RTA .1 OSPF
IP has a rule on MA
media that states that a .3 RTB
router should always
advertise the actual
source of the
route in case the source 11.11.11.0/24
is on the same MA as
the router.
ALTTC / DX/ K.Suresh/ Border Gateway Protocol Version 4 Slide - 50
Next
BGPHop
Local
- Multi
Preference
Access (MA)
Attribute
Media
Preferred path
•Customers that
connect to same
provider in
multiple locations could
exchange metrics with their Lower metric
providers to influence each
other’s outbound traffic,
which leads to better load
balancing.
SF NY
MED=50
XNET YNET
MED=200
MED=150 128.213.0.0/16
ANET
SJ LA
- transitive
• Format : aa : nn
• ‘aa’ - ASN
• ‘nn’ - 1 to 4,294,901,760
• A confederation is a technique f or
reducing the IBGP mess inside the AS
AS 200
A 190.10.0.0
AS 100 B
170.10.0.0
AS 300
180.10.0.0 C
AS 100
150.10.0.0
150.10.50.1
IBGP
150.10.30.1 150.10.30.2
170.10.20.1 A B
170.10.20.2
As 300 C
170.10.0.0
AS 100 150.10.50.1
150.10.0.0 IBGP
150.10.30.1 150.10.30.2
170.10.20.1 A B
170.10.20.2 170.10.20.3
C
As 300 D
180.20.0.0
AS 100 150.10.50.1
150.10.0.0 IBGP
150.10.30.1 150.10.30.2
170.10.20.1 A B
170.10.20.2 170.10.20.3
C
AS 400 D
AS 300 180.20.0.0
AS 100 E
150.10.0.0 IGP IGP
IBGP
2.2.2.2 A B
2.2.2.1
D
AS 300 C AS 400
170.10.0.0 175.10.0.0
AS 100
150.10.0.0
3.3.3.3 IGP 3.3.3.2
AS 100
150.10.0.0
3.3.3.3 RIP 3.3.3.2
2.2.2.2 A IBGP B 4.4.4.2
2.2.2.1 4.4.4.1
AS 300 C AS 400 D
170.10.0.0 160.10.0.0
AS200
Static/OSPF 2.2.2.2 175.220.0.0 /16
2.2.2.1
IBGP
1.1.1.2 C B
1.1.1.1
AS 300 AS 100 A
D
129.213.1.0