BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE FOR WRIST MOVEMENTS

Under Supervision: Dr. Omar Farooq Dr. Y. U. Khan Presented by: Varsha Gupta Antra Saxena

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Contents
Ways of Human-Computer Interfacing What is BCI? Why BCI? What is EEG? Flow diagram Work to be done Applications
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Ways of HUMAN COMPUTER INTERFACING

Voice user interface: A Voiceuser interface (VUI) makes human interaction with computers possible through a voice/speech platform in order to initiate process Brain Computer interface: A Brain Computer Interface (BCI) is a novel communication system that translate human thoughts or intentions into a control signal to perform certain action.
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 Brain computer interfaces are the interactions between the human neural systems and machines. It enables people (especially disabled) to communicate and control devices by mere thinking. It records brainwaves signals, detects brainwave patterns that are correlated to specific brain activities.

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WHY BCI????

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Classification of BCIs
Invasive BCIs:
Implanted directly into grey matter. Produce the highest quality signals .

Partially- invasive BCIs:

Implanted inside the skull but outside the brain. Electrodes are embedded in a thin plastic pad that is placed above the cortex.

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Non-invasive BCIs:
This method doesnt require a brain implant The user wears a cap studded with electrodes These electrodes help in transmitting the signals Cheap and easily available Poor signal resolution.

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WHAT IS EEG ??
Human brain has hundreds of billions of neurons. When millions of neurons fire at the same time , they produce electrical activity in the form of a brainwaves . An electroencephalogram is of the brains voltage fluctuations as detected from scalp electrodes. Two different types of EEG depending on the position of electrodes: Scalp electrodes: Electrodes are placed on the scalp with the good mechanical and electrical contact. Intracranial electrodes: Special electrodes implanted in the brain during a surgery.
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Electrodes Positioning System

Standard 10-20 system
System drives its name since each electrode is 10 or 20 percent of total distance between ear lobe electrodes.

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DETAILED VIEW:

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Feature extraction PreProcessing

Classification

Signal Acqusitio n

Application interface

BCI Brain Signal Control Signal

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FLOW DIAGRAM
Signal acquisition

Signal processing

Feature extraction

classification

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Different hand movements

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Signal Acquisition
The EEG signals are obtained from the brain through non-invasive methods . System detects the signals received and transforms them into control signals which can be used to control the computer

Signal Acquisition

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Raw EEG

Frequency Spectrum

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Specifications of Database :
Data collected from four healthy subjects. Data consists of 64 channels, 60 trials, and 768 samples for each trial. Time of recording for different movements are different.

Sampling frequency = 256 Hz

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Signal Pre-Processing
Notch Filters are used to remove interference due to power supply at 50 Hz Data were filtered with a low pass filter

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Feature extraction:

TimeDomain Mean Variance Skewness Kurtosis

Frequency Domain PSD Wavelet transform

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Can performance be further improved??????

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 New representation for EEG signals based on set of functions, known as:

It highlights differences and similarities between electrodes voltages.

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A=
A=

In EEG, variables represent voltage measured at different electrodes. Matrix of 64* 64 of voltage difference was formed as follows:

Matrix of pairwise interaction strength W= w

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Eigen values and Eigen vectors of W matrix has been calculated. W=.V Where denotes eigen values V denotes eigen vector
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Work to be done in future:

New features to be extracted to improve the performance. Design of a classifier which takes extracted features as its input and results in classification of different movements.

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Applications :
The future is going to be very bright for the physically challenged. With the help of this latest technology, the disabled and the handicapped people will be able to use computers by their thoughts.
Not only this but a handicapped person who has lost his hands can be gifted with robotic arms which he can control by his thought! This technology is also extremely useful in the field of aeronautics and surgery. Doctors and pilots will be able to control computers by thoughts reducing their workload and making it more comfortable to perform surgeries or to fly planes at the time of wars.

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Future:

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References:
J. R. Wolpaw, N. Birbaumer, D.J.McFarland, G. Pfurtscheller, T.M. Vaughan, Braincomputer interfaces for communication and control, Clinical Neurophys. 113 (2002) 767791 R. Poli , L. Citi , M. Salvaris ,C.Cinel, F. Sepulveda,Eigenbrains:the free vibrational modes of the brain as a new representation for EEGSchool of computer science and Electronics Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester,UK. Ayman Nidal Khalidi, Mariam Siddiqui, Omar Farooq, Yusuf U Khan, Feature extraction of executed wrist movement using Brain computer Interface , Proc. Of the National Conference on Power, Instrumentation, Energy & Control , Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh on 13-14th February, 2011 , pp. 283-286

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