Atoms & Elements

What is Chemistry?
The study of matter of matter and its changes

What does a chemist do?

Chemists analyze substances Chemists create or synthesize new substances Chemists create models and test the power of theories Chemists measure the physical properties of substances

Areas of chemistry
Analytical chemistry Organic chemistry Inorganic chemistry Physical chemistry biochemistry

Careers in chemistry
Quality control chemist Industrial research chemist Forensic chemist Environmental chemist Sales representative Chemical educator

Scientific Method
Consists of three parts: Observation Explanation through the creation of a theoretical model Testing the model

Observations
A statement(s) that describe what we see, touch, feel, smell, or taste (the five senses)

Conclusion
A statement as to what one thinks about a series of observations

Data
Facts that are learned by observing some physical, chemical or biological system

Scientific Law
A broad generalization, based on the results of many experiments Scientific laws are expressed in terms of mathematical equations: (Examples: E = mc2, PV = nRT , PV= C)

Classification of Matter
Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space Matter can be classified as elements, compounds, or mixtures

Elements
Substances that cannot be decomposed further by ordinary chemical means. All elements can be identified by a chemical symbol

Elements (cont.)
The first letter is always capitalized The second letter (if there is one) is always lowercase

Compounds
A substance that is composed of two or more different elements in which elements are always combined in a fixed ratio

Examples of compounds
Carbon dioxide (CO2) Water (H2O) Ammonia (NH3) Glucose (C6H12O6) Sodium chloride (NaCl)

Mixtures
Materials that have variable composition Two types of mixtures: a) homogeneous and b) heterogeneous

Homogeneous Mixtures
Homogeneous mixtures have properties that are identical throughout the sample All solutions are considered to be homogeneous mixtures

Examples of homogeneous mixtures

Air (a mixture of gases) Alloys (brass, bronze, sterling silver, steel) Rubbing alcohol (isopropyl alcohol and water) Saltwater

Heterogeneous Mixtures
Heterogeneous mixtures consists of regions (phases) which are not uniform.

Examples of Heterogeneous Mixtures

Oil & water Salads Soups Blood Milk

Physical and Chemical Changes

Physical change: A change in which no change in the composition occurs. No nes substances are formed Chemical change: A change in which the composition of the substance is changed

Examples of physical changes

Ice melting Water boiling Dissolving sugar in water Alcohol changing into a vapor

Examples of chemical changes

Sugar fermenting into alcohol Iron rusting Silver tarnishing Butter turning rancid

Properties of Matter
Physical Properties: Properties which does not involve a change in chemical composition (Examples: density, melting point, boiling point, solubility, malleability, etc.)

Chemical properties
Properties which describe a chemical change which takes place Examples: Sugar decomposes when heated, iron changes to rust when exposed to moist air

Extensive Properties
A property that depends on the size of the sample Examples: Volume, mass, and length

Intensive properties
Properties that are independent of sample size

Examples of Intensive Properties

Color Melting point Boiling point Density Electrical conductivity

 Intensive properties are better in identifying than extensive properties

States of Matter
Solid: Definite shape & volume Liquid: Definite volume, but indefinite shape Gas: Indefinite shape & volume

Law of conservation of mass

States that matter cannot be created nor destroyed Mass is conserved

Law of definite proportions

States that in a given chemical compound, elements are always combined in the same proportions by mass

Daltons Atomic Theory

Matter consists of tiny particles called atoms Atoms are indestructible In any sample of a pure element, all atoms are identical in terms of mass and other properties

Daltons atomic theory (cont.)

The atoms of different elements differ in mass and other properties When atoms of different combine to form compounds, new and more complex particles form

Law of multiple proportions

Whenever two elements form more than one compound, the different masses of one element that combine with the same mass of the other element are in the ratio of small whole numbers.

Law of Multiple Proportions (cont)

Example: Sulfur can react with oxygen to form two different compounds: SO2 SO3

Subatomic Particles
Consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons

 Protons possess a positive charge Electrons possess a negative charge Neutrons possess a neutral (no) charge

 Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus of the atoms Electrons move about the nucleus

Isotopes
Atoms that have the same number of protons, but different number of neutrons

Atomic number & Mass number

Atomic number : number of protons Mass number: number of protons & neutrons

Atomic mass
Weighed average of all isotopes that compose that element Units are expressed in atomic mass units (amu) for each atom Carbon-12 is used as the standard

Atomic Mass Unit

Symbolized as u 1/12 the mass of the carbon-12 isotope

 Average atomic masses can be determined from isotopic abundances

The periodic table

Developed by Mendeleev in 1871 His table arranged elements based on increasing atomic mass

 Modern periodic table arrange elements based on increasing atomic number

 Horizontal rows are called periods Vertical rows are called groups or families

Groups & families of elements

Representative elements: (Groups IA- VIIIA) Alkali metals (Group IA) Alkaline earth metals (Group IIA) Halogens (Group VIIA) Noble gases (Group VIIIA)

 Transition elements (B groups) Inner transition elements a) lanthanides (58-71) b) actinides (89-103)

Characteristics of Metals
Solid (except Hg) Exhibit a luster (shiny) Ductile Malleable Good conductors of heat/electricity

Characteristics of nonmetals
Solids, gases, and one liquid Solids are brittle Poor conductors of electricity/heat Not malleable Not ductile

Metalloids
Possess characteristics between those of metals and nonmetals Tend to serve as semiconductors Examples: silicon, boron, germanium, tellurium, etc.