Chapter 1 Lecture PowerPoint

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Dr Daniel Tominello

AP 1 Chapter 1

Opening Day
Welcome! Attendance Syllabus and Expanded Syllabus Class Policies Handouts Blackboard Email
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Success Tips
Holes 12th Edition Text has available:
Student Study Guide MediaPhys CD Anatomy & Physiology Revealed CD Text Website www.mhhe.com/shier12

Know how to use the text xxi to xxvii. Read the text BEFORE class!!
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Holes Human Anatomy and Physiology

Twelfth Edition

Shier w Butler w Lewis

Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology

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1.2: Anatomy & Physiology

Anatomy the study of the structure of the human body Physiology the study of the function of the human body

The complementarity of structure and function.

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy study of structure (Greek a cutting up) Physiology study of function (Greek relationship to nature)

Structure dictates function. Things do what they do because of what they look like.
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1.3: Levels of Organization

Subatomic Particles electrons, protons, and neutrons Atom hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc. Molecule water molecule, glucose molecule, etc. Macromolecule protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc.

Organelle mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc.

Cell muscle cell, nerve cell, etc. Tissue epithelia, connective, muscle and nerve Organ skin, femur, heart, kidney, etc. Organ System skeletal system, digestive system, etc. Organism the human
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Levels of Organization
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Subatomic particles

Atom

Molecule

Organ system

Macromolecule Organ Organelle Organism

Cell Tissue

Levels of Organization
Can you name the organ systems?
There are eleven (11).

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Organ Systems
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11 Integumentary system

The Integumentary
The Skin system is one
of the largest and heaviest organ systems of the human body.

Covers the outer surface of

the body and is continuous with the mucous membranes found inside the body.

Organ Systems
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13 Skeletal system Muscular system

The Skeletal System

Primary Functions
Support Protection Movement Mineral and fat storage Blood Production

Principal Organs
Bones Ligaments

The Muscular System

Primary Functions
Movement Posture Heat Production

Principle Organ
Skeletal Muscles Tendons Cardiac Smooth Skeletal

The Muscular System cont.

3 types of muscles
Cardiac Skeletal Smooth

Organ Systems
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Nervous system

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Endocrine system

The Nervous System

Primary Functions
Control, regulation and coordination of other systems sensation and memory.

Principle Organs
Brain Spinal Cord Nerves Sensory Organs

The Endocrine System

Primary Functions
Control and regulation of other systems

Principle Organs
Pituitary Gland Adrenals Pancreas Thyroid Parathyroid and other glands

Organ Systems
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Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system

The Cardiovascular System

Primary Function
Exchange and transport of materials

Principle Organs
Heart Arteries Veins Capillaries

The Lymphatic System

Primary Function
Immunity and fluid function

Principle Organs
Lymph nodes Lymphatic Vessels Spleen Thymus Tonsils

Organ Systems
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Digestive system Respiratory system Urinary system

The Digestive System

Primary Function
Breakdown and absorption of nutrients, elimination of waste

Principle Organs
Stomach Small and Large Intestines Esophagus Liver Mouth Pancreas

The Digestive System cont.

Six steps to digestive process
Ingestion Digestion Motility Secretion Absorption Elimination

The Respiratory System

Primary Function
Intake of oxygen Discharge of the waste products of water vapor and carbon dioxide

Principle Organs
Lungs Bronchial Tree Trachea Larynx Nasal Cavity

The Urinary System

Excretion of waste fluids and electrolyte balance and acid based balance The principle organs Kidney Ureters Bladder Urethra

Organ Systems
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Male reproductive system Female reproductive system

The Reproductive System

Primary Function
Reproduction, continuity of genetic information and nurturing of offspring
Principle Organs
Female Ovaries Fallopian tubes Uterus Vagina Breasts Male Testes Vas deferens Prostate Seminal vesicles Penis

1.4: Characteristics of Life (10)

Movement change in position; motion Responsiveness reaction to a change

Growth increase in body size; no change in shape

Reproduction production of new organisms and new cells Respiration obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods

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Characteristics of Life Continued

Digestion breakdown of food substances into simpler forms
Absorption passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids Circulation movement of substances in body fluids Assimilation changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms Excretion removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions
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1.5: Maintenance of Life

Life depends on five (5) environmental factors: Water Food Oxygen Heat Pressure

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Requirements of Organisms
Water - most abundant substance in body - required for metabolic processes - required for transport of substances - regulates body temperature

Food
- provides necessary nutrients - supplies energy - supplies raw materials
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Requirements of Organisms
Oxygen (gas) - one-fifth of air - used to release energy from nutrients
Heat - form of energy - partly controls rate of metabolic reactions Pressure - application of force on an object - atmospheric pressure important for breathing - hydrostatic pressure keeps blood flowing

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Homeostasis*
* Maintaining of a stable internal environment
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms monitors aspects of the internal environment and corrects as needed. Variations are within limits. There are three (3) parts: Receptor - provides information about the stimuli Control Center - tells what a particular value should be (called the set point) Effector - elicits responses that change conditions in the internal environment
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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

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Control center The hypothalamus detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs. Receptors Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center. Effectors Skin blood vessels dilate and sweat glands secrete.

Stimulus Body temperature rises above normal.

Response Body heat is lost to surroundings, temperature drops toward normal.

too high

Normal body temperature 37C (98.6F)

too low

Stimulus Body temperature drops below normal.

Response Body heat is conserved, temperature rises toward normal.

Receptors Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center.

Effectors Skin blood vessels constrict and sweat glands remain inactive.

Effectors Muscle activity generates body heat.

Control center The hypothalamus detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs.

If body temperature continues to drop, control center signals muscles to contract Involuntarily.

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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

There are two (2) types: Negative feedback mechanisms

Positive feedback mechanisms

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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

Negative feedback summary:
Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body Reduces the actions of the effectors

Corrects the set point

Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the negative Limits chaos in the body by creating stability

Most common type of feedback loop

Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation
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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

Positive feedback summary: Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body Produces more instability in the body Produces more chaos in the body

There are only a few types necessary for our survival

Positive feedback mechanisms are short-lived Controls only infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustments Considered to be the uncommon loop Examples: blood clotting and child birth
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1.6: Organization of the Human Body

Body cavities
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cranial cavity Cranial cavity

V ertebral canal Vertebral canal

Thoracic cavity

Thoracic cavity

Right pleural cavity Pericardial cavity

Mediastinum

Left pleural cavity

Thoracic cavity

Diaphragm

Diaphragm Abdominal cavity

Abdominal cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Pelvic cavity

Abdominopelvic cavity Pelvic cavity (b)

(a)

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Thoracic & Abdominal Serous Membranes

Visceral layer covers an organ Parietal layer lines a cavity or body wall

Thoracic Membranes Visceral pleura Parietal pleura Visceral pericardium Parietal pericardium

Abdominopelvic Membranes Parietal peritoneum Visceral peritoneum Parietal perineum Visceral perineum

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Thoracic Serous Membranes

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Plane of section Spinal cord

Vertebra

Azygos v. Aorta

Mediastinum

Left lung Esophagus Right lung Right atrium of heart Right ventricle of heart Visceral pleura Visceral pericardium Pleural cavity Parietal pleura Sternum Fibrous pericardium Anterior Pericardial cavity Parietal pericardium Rib Left ventricle of heart

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Abdominal Serous Membranes

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Vertebra Right kidney Aorta Inferior vena cava Pancreas Large intestine Liver

Spinal cord Plane of section

Left kidney Spleen Small intestine Large intestine Rib

Gallbladder Duodenum
Visceral peritoneum Peritoneal cavity Parietal peritoneum Anterior Costal cartilage Stomach

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1.8: Anatomical Terminology

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Anatomical Position standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward and thumbs out

Integumentary system

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Anatomical Terminology:
Orientation and Directional Terms
Terms of Relative Position (based on anatomical position): Superior versus Inferior Anterior versus Posterior Medial versus Lateral Ipsi-lateral versus Contra-lateral Proximal versus Distal (only in the extremities) Superficial versus Deep Internal versus External

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Body Sections or Planes (3)

Sagittal or Median divides body into left and right portions Mid-sagittal divides body into equal left and right portions Transverse or Horizontal divides body into superior and inferior portions
Coronal or Frontal divides body into anterior and posterior portions

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Body Sections
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Median (midsagittal) plane

Parasagittal plane

A section along the median plane

Transverse (horizontal) plane

A section along a transverse plane

A section along a frontal plane

Frontal (coronal) plane

McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Joe De Grandis, photographer

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Body Sections
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

(a)

(b)

(c)

a: Patrick J. Lynch/Photo Researchers, Inc.; b: Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.; c: A. Glauberman/Photo Researchers, Inc.

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Abdominal Subdivisions (2)

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Left hypochondriac region Left lumbar region

Right Epigastric hypochondriac region region Right lumbar region Umbilical region

Regions (9)

Right Hypogastric Left iliac iliac region region region

(a)

Right upper Left upper quadrant (RUQ) quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

Quadrants (4)

(b)

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Body Regions
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Cephalic (head) Frontal (forehead) Otic (ear) Nasal (nose) Oral (mouth) Cervical (neck) Acromial (point of shoulder) Axillary (armpit) Mammary (breast) Brachial (arm) Antecubital (front of elbow) Abdominal (abdomen) Antebrachial (forearm) Carpal (wrist) Palmar (palm) Digital (finger) Umbilical (navel) Inguinal (groin) Coxal (hip) Orbital (eye cavity) Buccal (cheek) Mental (chin) Sternal Pectoral (chest) Acromial (point of shoulder) Vertebral (spinal column) Brachial (arm) Dorsum (back) Cubital (elbow) Lumbar (lower back) Sacral (between hips) Gluteal (buttocks) Perineal Occipital (back of head)

Femoral (thigh) Genital (reproductive organs) Patellar (front of knee) Sural (calf) Popliteal (back of knee)

Crural (leg)

Tarsal (instep) Pedal (foot) (a) Digital (toe) Plantar (sole) (b)

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Important Points in Chapter 1:

Outcomes to be Assessed
1.1: Introduction Identify some of the early discoveries that lead to our current understanding of the human body. 1.2: Anatomy and Physiology

Define anatomy and physiology and explain how they are related.
1.3: Levels of Organization List the levels of organization in the human body and the characteristics of each. 1.4: Characteristics of Life List and describe the major characteristics of life. Define and give examples of metabolism.
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Important Points in Chapter 1:

Outcomes to be Assessed Continued
1.5: Maintenance of Life

List and describe the major requirements of organisms.

Define homeostasis and explain its importance to survival. Describe the parts of a homeostatic mechanism and explain how they

function together.
1.6: Organization of the Human Body Identify the locations of the major body cavities.

List the organs located in each major body cavity.

Name and identify the locations of the membranes associated with the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
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Important Points in Chapter 1:

Outcomes to be Assessed Continued
Name the major organ systems and list the organs associated with each. Describe the general function of each organ system. 1.7: Lifespan Changes Define aging. Identify the levels of organization in the body at which aging occurs. 1.8: Anatomical Terminology Properly use the terms that describe relative positions, body sections, and

body regions.

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