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BIODIVERSITY
Biological Diversity
Can be observed at 3 levels:
– Genetic diversity
– Species diversity
– Ecosystem diversity
SPECIES DIVERSITY
• Development of the
8-cell stage
blastula is the
earliest development
stage of the embryo
• Firstly the
unicellular zygote
divides into two in a
process called
cleavage
Animal Development (cont.)
Blue – ectoderm,
Red – mesoderm,
Yellow - endoderm
Animal Body Cavity - Acoelom
• Example – flat worm;
• Body made up of 3 layers(tripoblastik);
• Possess digestive tract but no body cavity;
• First animal class where muscle and other organs
evolved from the mesoderm;
• Organs buried in mesodermal tissue; and
• Water and digested food move along body through
absorption.
Internal parts of a Planaria (flat worm)
Animal Body Cavity - Pseudocoelom
• Example – nematode;
• Size: 400µm to 5 mm;
• One of the most abundant animal on earth;
• Fluid-filled pseudocoelom forms between
endoderm and mesoderm
• Cavity not lined with mesothelium (as in
eucoelom)
• Enable animals to move more effectively, esp. in
terms of muscle function;
• Organs buried in mesodermal tissue; and
• Another eg.: Phylum Rotifera
A nematode
Coelom
• Fish
– Pericardium (around the heart)
– Pleuroperitonium (around other viscera)
• Mammals
– Pericardium (around the heart)
– Pleuron (around the lungs)
– Peritonium (around other viscera)
ANIMAL BODY FORMS AND THEIR
ADAPTATION
Asymmetry
• Eg. sponge
(Filum Porifera)
• Normally sessile
animals
• No distinct
symmetry
Kinds of symmetry (cont.)
Radial Symmetry
A dorsal
B dorsal and ventral
1 head
2 anterior
3 posterior
4 eye spot
5 Sensory lobe
6 dorsal
7 Mouth
8 Pharynx (extended during feeding)
9 Pharynx opening
10 Genitalopeningl
11 Ciliated ventral surface.
Internal sections of a Planaria
Example of a planaria Dugesia sp
THE ANIMAL KINGDOM
Porifera Others
Parazoa Metazoa
Colonial Protist
Animal Groups
Slide 2 of 19
ANIMAL KINGDOM
Some forms of
Foraminifera –
Marine protozoa with
external shell
Paramaecium – freshwater
Protozoa - Euglena
Species Illness
Trypanosoma brucei gambiensis chronic sleeping sickness
Plasmodium malariae Malaria
Entamoeba Amoebic dysentery
PHYLUM PORIFERA
Basic Morfology of Sponge
PHYLUM PORIFERA –
SOME CHARACTERISTICS
• Represents all sp of sponges (about 5000 sp)
• Only representative of Parazoa (animals without true
tissue)
• Almost all –radial symmetry
• Almost all made up of 3-layered cell
• Outer layer made up of flattened cells with numerous
pores;
PORIFERA CHARACTERISTICS (cont)
• Middle layer contains mobile cells (amoebocytes
or archaeocytes) and skeletel cells
– skeletal cells in form of spogin (flexible
protein) or mineral containing particles;
– amoebacytes: collect food vacoules from
coanocytes, digest food and send to cells that
require it.
• Inner layer made completely of cells called
choanocytes
•Do not have digestive tract, nerve cells or muscle
cells.
CLASSIFICATION OF PORIFERA
At one time, a diagnostic feature
of the Porifera was the presence
of spicules
As a result, certain fossil groups
whose organization was consistent
with that of living sponges were not
placed within the phylum Porifera.
These are groups with a solid
calcareous skeleton
4 Different Forms of Spicules
Megascleres –
large, can be seen with
naked eyes
Microscleres - small
SEM of Spicules
CLASSES IN PHYLUM PORIFERA
• Calcarea
• Demospongia
• Hexactinellida
CLASSIFICATION OF SPONGES
Archaeocyatha – no living representative
Stromatoporoids
Choanoflagellates
Class Calcispongiae (Calcarea)
• Spicules formed from
calcium carbonate;
• Spicules in the form of
needles or with 3 or 4
branches;
• Spicules not hollow
(stronger);
• All marine members;
Leucosolenia sp
• Most in shallow waters.
CLASS DEMOSPONGIAE
• Abour 90% sponges in
this class;
• Spicules formed from
spongin, silica or both;
• Can grow to large size;
• Found in all tropical and
sub-tropical waters; and
• One FW family
Bath sponge
CLASS HEXACTINELLIDA
• Spicules formed from silica
(sometimes called glass
sponge);
• Spicules joined at 90o angle
– make it seem like artificial
sponge;
• Spicules with 6 branches;
• Almost all extinct
Aphrocallistes sp
Three groupings of sponges based on
water circulation system
• Family Cladorhizidae
• Feed by capturing and digesting whole
animals.
• Use spicules to capture
• Prey – small crustaceans