Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Carl E. Pray
Department of Agricultural, Food and Resource Economics Rutgers University New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA pray@aesop.rutgers.edu
In developing countries
Public sector weak in some sectors US & European firms enter seed markets Firms need public sector research to compete
Development community Aid donors, academics, international organization like FAO concerned about poverty
Productivity of major field crops stagnating Biotech having big impacts in wealthy countries, little impact in poor countries Large seed companies not interested in small markets and public sector in small markets can not get access to the technology
PPPs in Developing Countries in research and technology transfer in response to international competition
Local seed industry strengthen themselves by working with public research system
China government investing US $200 million in biotech but more important emergence of private sector
Deng Hai Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and local for hybrid maize Origin CAS/CAAS collaboration on Bt cotton
South Africa Pannar U of Capetown for maize virus resistance and drought tolerance India MAHYCO collaboration for hybrid rice
Partnerships at Embrapa
Public Partners
Requirements for partnerships: Cooperation Contract Germoplasma exchange; Bilateral research from both parties;
Benefits Offered Co-ownership; Sharing of royalties; Indication of partnership in the cultivar's patent/register/copyright.
Source: Evandro Mantovani, Embrapa
Private Partners
Requirements for partnerships: Restriction with partners that had breeding programs; Cooperation Contract; Evaluation tests of Embrapas genetic material.
Benefits Offered Exclusive license to multiply and commercialize cultivars resulting from the partnership, subject to the royalties agreed upon (on a range from 3% to 10%). The exclusivity can be for 5 or 10 years according to the initial stage of development.
Royalties
18000 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 2001
* Estimate
16896
55%
270
1200
1264
401
1374
2002
2005*
Cultivars licensed
Number of Contrats
x x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x x (LoA sent) x
Opportunities for seed companies to work with foreign aid donors to help the poor.
Improved varieties of cash crops like cotton and vegetables can increase the income of the poor
Foreign aid community is asking can PPPs help move technology to the poor?
Opportunities and problems of biotechnology
Dramatic potential about the technology Little impact on poor Problems of access to technology
Private sector does not serve small markets and poor people Weakness of public sector seed industries to transfer new technology to farmers
Were inefficient but did spread seeds Reduced government spending on ag
Structural adjustment Donors move away from ag to health and governance
Working with small farmers to learn how to develop them into a viable market
Humanitarian goals and public relations goals for improving position of poor - IRMA
Partnerships can help support important public programs that are having financial problems Partnerships for pro-poor development might also lead to financial support from donors to build new markets and it might also build employee satisfaction