Introduction

 1G: First Generation cellular - analog.

 2G: Second Generation cellular - digital cellular including TDMA, CDMA, and GSM systems.
Most 2G digital phones are voice only phones, but some offer limited data capability.

 2.5G: Enhanced data rate Second Generation - digital cellular systems with data rates of 28kbps -
384kbps.

 3G: The term 3G refers to third generation wireless networks. These networks offer voice, data
transfer, and multimedia content at rates as high as 2 Mbps.

 GSM: Global System for Mobile communications. GSM is used all over Europe, plus many countries
in the Middle East, Asia, Africa, South America, Australia, and North America. GSM's air interface is
based on narrowband TDMA technology, where available frequency bands are divided into time slots,
with each user having access to one time slot at regular intervals.

 CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access; also known as IS-95. This is one of the newer digital
technologies in use in the US, Canada, Australia, and some southeastern Asian countries (e.g. Hong
Kong and South Korea). CDMA differs from GSM and TDMA by its use of spread spectrum
techniques for transmitting voice or data over the air. Rather than dividing the radio frequency
spectrum into separate user channels by frequency slices or time slots, spread spectrum technology
separates users by assigning them digital codes within the same broad spectrum. Advantages of
CDMA include higher user capacity and immunity from interference by other signals. Used in either
800 MHz or 1900 MHz frequency bands.

1
 Global System
For
Mobile Communications
 What is Group Special Mobile ?

GSM was designed as a future proof standard, able to

provide users with a range of capabilities. The evolution
began from 1982 when members of 11 telephone
companies of the European Telecommunications body -
CEPT, formed a new standard group.

In 1988, after the signing of the GSM MoU by 17

countries the GSM work was transferred to ETSI, a
standards organisation. Since then the membership of the
GSM MoU has grown to 169 countries (401 Networks)
across the World. 3
3
 Global System for Mobile Communications

GSM is capable of operating at 3 frequency bands: 900MHz, 1800

MHz & 1900 MHz. The last 2 are usually known as DCS1800 &
PCS1900.

Bandwidth: 200kHz, time multiplexing over 8 slots with frequency

hopping.
Voice Codec: 13 kbit/sec
Data bit rates: 9.6 kbits/sec
Short Message Service: 160 Characters maximum message length.
Requires a SIM Card.

4
 Objectives of GSM

• A broad offering of Voice & Data Services

• Compatibility with wireline networks
• Automatic Roaming & handover
• Highly efficient use of frequency spectrum
• Support for different type of mobile terminal equipments
• Supplier independence
• Low costs for Infrastructure & terminal equipment
5
 GSM Architecture

Radio Subsystem Network & Switching Operating

Subsystem Subsystem

VLR
Base Station Subsystem AuC

MS HLR

BSC
BTS

OMC

MS

MSC

BSC
BTS
Interfacing with external
EIR
networks (eg. PSTN)
MS 6
 Radio Subsystem

Comprises of the

- Mobile Station(MS)

- Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

- Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

7
 Mobile Station

The term refers to the physical equipment of the user. Comprises

of 2 parts -

• Hardware and software components relating to the

radio interface.

• SIM Card

Each Mobile equipment has a 15 digit International Mobile

Equipment Identity number (IMEI)

8
 Subscriber Identity Module

The SIM Card forms the second part of the MS. The subscriber
related information is stored in a non volatile memory of the
SIM Card. The permanent data includes the-
• Mobile Station ISDN Number (MSISDN)
• SIM Type
• IC Card Identification - SIM Serial Number
• SIM Service table
• International Mobile Subscriber Identity Number (IMSI)
• Personal Identification Number (PIN)
• Pin Unlocking Key (PUK)
• Authentication Key (Ki)

9
 Subscriber Identity Module

Once the SIM Card is switched on the following dynamic data is

updated -

• Location Information
• Ciphering Key for encoding
• List of Carrier frequencies for cell selection during
handover and call setup
• List of blocked networks
• Home network search

10
 Base Station Subsystem

The BSS comprises of all radio related functions of the GSM

network. Because of the limited transmitter power of the Base
Transceiver Station, coverage is provided only within a specific
geographical area within the network. Thus radio cells are
created & the entire network id distributed into cells. Hence the
name Cellular Communications was derived.

11
Base Station Subsystem

Comprises of the

- Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

- Base Station Controller (BSC)

12
 Base Station Subsystem

The BTS comprises of the transmitting and receiving facilities,

including antennas and all the signalling related to the radio
interface. Depending on the type of antenna, the BTS supplies
one or several cells. The antenna are separated from each other
by an angle of 120 degrees.

The BSC is responsible for the management of the radio

interface through the BTS, namely for reservation and release of
radio channels as well as handover management. It also
performs the tasks of Paging and signalling functions.
One BSC generally manages several BTSs and is linked
via the MSC.
13
 Network and Switching Subsystem

Acts as a gateway between the radio network and other networks

like the PSTN etc.

Comprises of the -

- Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

- Home Location Register (HLR)

- Visitor Location Register (VLR)

14
 Mobile Switching Center

The MSC is a high performance digital switching center that

carries out the normal switching tasks and manages the
network. Each MSC is usually allocated several BSCs, and in
the area assigned to it, carries out the switching between mobile
users and other PLMN. It also forms a link between the mobile
radio network and the wireline networks.

The MSC is responsible for all the signalling required for

setting up, terminating and maintaining connections as per the
CCSS7 standard (Roaming).

15
 Home Location Register

The HLR is the store for all important information of each

mobile subscriber. It stores all information including

• Telephone Number •Authentication Key

• IMEI Number • Location area Identifier
• Equipment type
• Subscription basis
• Supplementary services

Each mobile subscriber & his related data are registered only
once in the HLR, in which all billing and administrative tasks
are carried out. There is usually only one HLR in a network.
16
 Visitor Location Register

The VLR manages the subscribers who are currently roaming in

the area under control of the MSC. It stores the information
transmitted by the responsible HLR for users under its area thus
allowing the MSC to establish a connection.

The VLR is also responsible for the allocation of the

MSRN & TIMSI. Location area update and call setup functions
are performed by the HLR & VLR. A special process keeps the
VLR updated of the mobile users movement within the MSC
area or change of MSC. The VLR avoids frequent interrogation
of the HLR.

17
 Operation Subsystem

The functions of the OSS are allocated into 3 areas of

responsibilities.

- Subscription Management
- Network Operation and maintenance
- Mobile Equipment Management

OSS Comprises of -

- Operations and Maintenance Center (OMC - S & R)

- Authentication Center (AuC)
- Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
18
 OSS - Subscription Management

Subscription management is able to authenticate a GSM user

from the personal data stored in the HLR and provide him the
agreed services. This data provides the call charging basis.
Subscriber Data is stored & managed in the HLR;
information relating to data security in the AuC.

Call Charging: The mobile radio user is charged for services on

the basis of call-tickets. These are used for billing irrespective of
where the call is made in the network. Billing location can be
the MSC where the user is located or the Gateway MSC, where
the communication is connected to the external network. HLR
stores only call related data. Call billing is handled by the OSS
Subscriber management. Tariff data is transmitted between the
MSC and the HLR over the signalling link. 19
 OSS - OMCS &R

The OMC centrally monitors & controls the network elements

and ensures the best possible service quality for a network.
The management functions of the OMC include
administration of subscribers and equipment, billing, generation
of statistical data on state and capacity utilization of network
elements.

OMCS - Looks after the switch related operation & maintenance

OMCR - Looks after the radio network related operation &

maintenance.

20
 AuC

The AuC contains all the information required to protect the

subscriber’s identity, his mobile communication against
eavesdropping and his right to use the radio services.

Authentication algorithms and encryption codes are

stored in the AuC, and strict rules apply for the access to this
information.

21
 Equipment Management - EIR

Management of mobile equipment concerns information about

owner and equipment identity. It also coordinates the movement
of the equipment including roaming, handover and paging.

EIR is a central database in which subscriber and

equipment numbers are stored. The database contains a white,
grey and black list. The White list contains all the valid IMEI
numbers, the Black list contains the list of stolen or suspended
IMEI numbers and the Grey list contains the list of IMEI’s of
malfunctioning equipment that is not receiving any services.

22
 Call Connect Procedure

Network to Mobile

Paging Request
Channel Request
Immediate Assignment
Paging Response
Network Mobile
Authentication
Authentication Response
Setup
Confirmation
Connect
Connection Acknowledgment

23
 Mobility Management

Network to Mobile

• Allocation of new TIMSI - ensures that identity of

mobile user is kept confidential.
• Authentication - to check whether the identity of the
mobile user is valid.
• Identification - The mobile gets a request from the
network to send an identification parameter -
IMSI or IMEI
• IMSI Detach - Removal of IMSI, when SIM is
removed from the mobile or mobile is switched off

24
 Mobility Management

Mobile to Network

• Location Update - Updates registration of the location

of a mobile by transmitting LAI

• Periodic Update

• IMSI Attach - Opposite of Detach, indicating the

availability of the mobile to the network.

25
 Call Setup Procedure

PSTN to Mobile

VLR HLR

4
8 7 2
5
11 12
9 9
6 1
10 BSS 10 MSC GMSC PSTN
13 13

26
 Call Setup Procedure

Mobile to PSTN

VLR HLR

3 4

1 2
5
BSS MSC GMSC PSTN
7 6

27
 GSM Services

Bearer Services - Packet Data Network service

Teleservice -
- Basic Telephony (Diverts, Barring, Closed User Group)

- Emergency Calls

- Short Message Service

- Point to Point Mobile terminating
- Point to Point Mobile originating
- Mobile Cell Broadcast

- Facsimile
28
 GSM Services

Supplementary Services -
- CLIP/ CLIR
- Call Forwarding
- Call Holding
- Call Conferencing
- Closed User Group
- Call Barring

Support for Value Added Services

Unstructured Supplementary Services Data (USSD)

Customized Applications for Mobile network Enhanced Logic

(CAMEL) 29
General Packet Radio Service

30
 Topics covered
 1.What is GPRS.
 2.To use users specifically need
 3.Key network features.
 4.Routing
 5.Tariff
 6.Applications
 7.Class of mobile.
 8.Configuration

31
 What is General Packet Radio Service?
Nonvoice value added service that allows
information to be sent and received across a mobile
telephone network .

Enables data "packets" to be transmitted at high

speed, in the same way as on the Internet.

 What is MMS?
Multi media messaging with which we can send
images,audio and video clips with text messages.

32
 To use GPRS, users specifically
need:

1. a mobile phone or terminal that supports GPRS

2. a subscription to a mobile telephone network that
supports GPRS
3. knowledge of how to send and/ or receive GPRS
information using their specific model of mobile
phone, including software and hardware
configuration
4. a destination to send or receive information through
GPRS .could be a mobile number or an internet
address also
33
Features :
• Speed : 8 kbps.
• Immediacy : facilitates instant
connections whereby information can be
sent or received immediately as the need
arises, subject to radio coverage. No dial-
up modem connection is necessary

34
 Key Network Features
 PACKET SWITCHING: GPRS involves
overlaying a packet based air interface on the
existing circuit switched GSM network
 SPECTRUM EFFICIENCY : efficient use of
scarce radio resources i.e large numbers of
GPRS users can potentially share the same
bandwidth and be served from a single cell.
 INTERNET AWARE : enables Mobile Internet
functionality .Services like chat,file transfer,web
browsing,email.

35
 Speed
  Uplink Downlink
Type  (Sending) (Receiving)

GPRS 14 kbps 28-64 kbps

9.6-14 kbps 9.6-14 kbps

GSM

Dial-UP 56 kbps 56 kbps

ISDN 64 kbps 64 kbps

Broadband 2 Mbps 2 Mbps

36
 Applications
 Chat
 TEXTUAL AND VISUAL INFORMATION :
Send maps or graphs.
 Still images :photographs,greeting cards,
presentations.
 Moving images :video messages ,movie
previews,video
conferencing.
 Web browsing
 Audio : Sending audio clips
 Internet email : User gets notification once
a new mail comes
37
 Class of Mobile
 The class indicates the mobile phone capabilities.
Class A
A mobile phone can be connected to both GPRS and
GSM services simultaneously.

Class B
Mobile phone can be attached to both GPRS and
GSM services, using one service at a time. Class B
enables making or receiving a voice call, or
sending/receiving an SMS during a GPRS connection.
During voice calls or SMS, GPRS services are
suspended and then resumed automatically after the
call or SMS session has ended.

Class C
Mobile phone are attached to either GPRS or GSM 38
Phonebook

39
 Features
 Name based: User can store and view multiple
telephone numbers, emails, URLs and addresses
under one name (contact)
- First Name and Last Name replaced Name

 Support of low, mid and high tier phonebook

- Fields per contact and number of contacts vary based on tier

 Sorting and searching

- Multi-letter dynamic search
- Sort by first and last name

 Category support
- Support of picture and ring tone

 Distribution list support (email and messaging)

 Support for separate view of phone and SIM/USIM

contacts/categories

 Combined view (VF specific)

40
 Features (cont…)
 Enhanced Detail View
- User can scroll through detailed view of the contact form while viewing it

 Storing of structured data

- User has a choice to create new contact or edit existing one when saving
information from other applications.

 Launching pad for several communication application – Calling,

messaging, MMS, email and Browser.

 Sharing of contact via IrDa, Bluetooth, MMS and Email

 Synchronization of phone memory contacts via SyncML, from inside

phonebook

 1-touch turbo dial management

- User can assign up to 9 speed dial (key 1 to 9), operator locked

 Voice dial and Voice tag management for Speaker dependant call.

 Birthday notification for both in/out call 41

 Name based
 User can create a single contact with multiple telephone
numbers, emails, URLs and Postal address

 User can view tel nos., emails, URLs and postal

address by horizontal scrolling
42
 Low/mid/high tier
Low Tier Mid Tier High Tier

First Name and Last Name First Name and Last Name First Name and Last Name
Nickname Nickname Nickname
Up to 3 phone numbers Up to 5 phone numbers Up to 7 phone numbers
1 e-mail address Up to 2 e-mail addresses Up to 2 e-mail addresses
1 postal address 1 postal address Up to 2 postal addresses
1 URL Up to 2 URLs
Birthday Notes
Birthday
Zodiac

Minimum: 500 contacts Minimum: 700 contacts

Minimum: 300 contacts
Maximum: depends on usage, but no more Maximum: depends on usage, but no more
Maximum: depends on usage, but no
than 1500 than 2000
more than 1000

Category, ring tone, picture ID

• Minimum case occurs when every single field in every contact is filled with maximum number
of allowed characters
• Maximum number of contacts depends on usage, thus legacy definition of maximum number of
contacts supported no longer applies. Memory allocation within phonebook is dynamic

43
 Low/mid/high tier (cont…)
SIM Contact USIM Contact
Name Name
1 phone number Nickname
Main Number (without type)
Up to 3 Additional Numbers (with
support for types)
Up to 2 e-mail addresses
Category

Maximum: 254 contacts Maximum: 508 contacts

 Number of contacts, support of additional phone numbers,

categories, and e-mail depends on particular implementation of
USIM (standard allows for significant flexibility)

44
 Sorting and searching
User can choose to sort by First Name or Last Name
Display Name concept

– Display Name is what is shown in the Summary View

– Combination of First/Last or Last/First names is Display Name depending on
sort setting
– If user entered Nickname, it automatically becomes Display Name
– If user did not enter name, TRS defines hierarchy of what is displayed

Search is a multi-letter dynamic jump-to algorithm

– Cursor jumps to closest matching contact dynamically adjusting with each letter
– Centered or deleted in the search window
– List is not sub-filtered and is only performed on Display Name
– Search window only appears when search is invoked
– Search can be done within all Summary Views and Pickers

45
 Category
 Acts as grouping mechanism
– Maximum of 10 categories can be stored on phone
memory
– General is mandatory and other default categories are
Business, Personal, VIP
– For 3G, if USIM supports categories, up to 10 are
supported
– Category can be pre-set or user defined
– Category stored on the phone can have a picture ID and
ring tone associated with it
– Individual contact or distribution list can only belong to one
category
– Categories are managed through “Manage Contacts” ->
“Edit Categories”

 Fields of categories
– Name, members, Ringer ID, Picture ID

46
 Distribution list
 E-mail and message distribution lists are
supported

 Used for outgoing communication only

 Each distribution list can be associated with a

category

 For sort and search purposes, distribution lists

are treated as contacts

 Distribution lists are not synchronized, copied,

or shared

47
 Separate view for phone and
SIM/USIM
Phone memory
summary view

 Picture and text list

 One line summary view

48
 Combined View

 The feature is flex controlled.

 Setup option

– Option is seen if Combined View is flexed ON

– By default, it is Off

– Selecting Phone & SIM Card option enables the combined

view.

49
 Filter by Email and category
 Filter

– Filtering is possible either via * and # from summary

view or via “Filter” menu

– User can filter by existing categories and contacts with

e-mail.

– Filters are not sticky. Every time phonebook is entered,

default view corresponds to the storage setting

50
 Copy (phone memory <->
• Single, multiple, or all contacts can be selected for copying

SIM/USIM)
• Contact is treated as a whole for copying purposes. Separate pieces of
information associated with a contact cannot be copied individually.
• Copying from phone to SIM
– First Name and Last Name are concatenated according to sort setting
– Multiple numbers associated with the same contact on the phone are copied to
SIM as separate contacts with the same name
• Copying from phone to USIM
– First Name and Last Name are concatenated
– Multiple contacts with the same name are created only when contact stored on
phone has more phone numbers or e-mails than USIM supports
• Copying from SIM to phone
– The name is copied into either first name or last name, depending on sort setting
– Phone numbers with the same name are collected under one number on the
phone
• Copying from USIM to phone
– Types assigned to phone numbers on USIM are transferred to phone when
possible
– A new contact is always created on the phone, even if other contacts with the
same name exist

51
 Detailed View

 Phone contact

 SIM contact
- No picture

 Additional options than

summary view
- Deleting individual entries of the contact

52
 Detailed View (Cont…)

 Detailed view of Distribution lists

 Detailed view of category

53
 Structured data
 Structure data interface

– Add/Replace/Modify
– Stores on NVM/SIM based on Storage device setting
– Supports storing following information
 Phone Numbers (Calling, SMS/MMS/EMAIL,
Browser)
 Email (SMS/MMS/Email)
 URL (Browser)
 Picture (Camera, Pictures)
 Ring Tones (Audio)

 Quick Form

54
 Launching of
Calling/Messaging/MMS/Browser
• Phonebook as a launch pad for other communication
application
– Telephony, messaging, e-mail, browser, post card app and camera can
be launched directly from phonebook
– Single or multiple contacts can be selected to initiate communications
– User can act on highlighted piece of information in summary or detailed
view

55
 Sharing of Contact

• Contacts can be sent and received via MMS, E-mail, Bluetooth

and IrDa

- Contacts are exchanged as vCards

- Support for single vCard exhange (receive and send)

- Incoming vCards are always stored as new contact, even if another contact
with same Display Name exists
- Selection (pickers) of contacts is optimized to guide the user through the
process and provide information as to what is stored in each contact

56
 Synchronization

• Synchronization via SyncML is supported.

• Synchronization can be launched from phonebook

• Only contacts stored on phone memory can be

synchronized

57
 1-touch Dial (speed dial)

 Help to quickly access a phone number

from idle screen and initiate a voice call to
that number. It can be achieved by long
key press.

 One-touch speed dial assignments shall be

limited to 9 (keys 1 through 9)

 Operator Locked, Operator Flexed and

User Defined
58
 Voice Dial
 Speaker dependent
- Voice tag is stored in the
phonebook

 Speaker independent

59
 Voice Dial (cont…)

 Options

– Edit Voice Dial

– Erase

– Erase All

60
 Incoming and outgoing call
notification
 Picture caller ID for incoming Call (if
picture is assigned to a contact or to
the category it belongs)

 Birthday notification for in/out call

61
 Video telephony
 Video telephony shall only by available on
3G handsets.

 Any telephone number can be made VT

enabled

 VT call can be originated by the options or

by a dedicated key.

62
 Messaging

UI behavior

Status Icon (Memory Full)

Inbox Folder (Messages Full)

63
UI behavior

Status Icon (Memory Full)

Inbox Folder (Messages Full)

ATTENTION!
This is a special situation when there
are messages available in the SIM
card. In this case, there were 25
messages available in the SIM card
(999 + 25 messages).

64
 Feature ID Remark
Name
DL_DB_FEATURE_ID_U This flex bit is used to determine if Single composer
C_AVAILABLE to create SMS and MMS messages is available. When
the value is ON, single composition for SMS and
MMS-SMIL will follow. If OFF, then flow sequence as
defined for 10427 will be followed and different
DL_DB_FEATURE_ID_U composers shall be invoked.
This value determines Number of text characters
C_SMS_TO_MMS_CHAR needed to transition from SMS to MMS message in
S_BOUNDARY Unified Composer. Range will be 1-765 and the
DL_DB_FEATURE_ID_S default
Sendingvalue will bereport
of Delivery 450 for outgoing SMS shall be
MS_READ_RECEIPT_AV flex controlled and based on the flex value message
AILABLE type shall be decided to be SMS or MMS. If Delivery
Report for SMS is Flexed ON then message will be
DL_DB_FEATURE_ID_M SMS and of
Sending if it is flexed
Subject off outgoing
in an then message will become
SMS shall be flex
SG_SMS_EMS_SUBJECT MMS.
controlled and based on the flex value message type
_AVAILABLE shall be decided to be SMS or MMS. If Subject for SMS
is Flexed ON then message will be SMS and if it is
DL_DB_FEATURE_ID_S flexed
Sending offa then
SMS message willaddress
to an email becomeshall
MMS. be flex
MS_EMAIL_AVAILABLE controlled and based on the flex value message type
shall be decided to be SMS or MMS. If Sending SMS to
email is Flexed ON then message will be SMS and65if it
is flexed off then message will become MMS.
Testing Teams – Getting Started
 Sanity Team/Build
 Integration Team
 System Test Team
 Field Test Team
 Interoperability Team

66
 Thank You

67