審計Chapter01

Organization
Part1 The auditing profession (ch1-5)

Part II The audit process (ch6-13)
Part 3 Application of the audit process to the
sales and collection cycle (ch14-17)
Part 4 Application of the audit process to other
cycles (ch 18-23)
Part 5 Completing the audit (ch24)
Part 6 Other assurance and Non-assurance
services (ch 25-26)
©2005 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 10/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley 1-1
Chapter 1
The Demand for Audit and

Other Assurance Services
審計與確信服務的需求
Sarbanes-Oxley Act
In the aftermath of WorldCom and other major

financial reporting frauds, In July 2002,
Congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The
provision of ;the Act apply to publicly held
companies and their audit firms.
A key provision of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act is
the creation of the Public Company Accounting
Oversight Board (PCAOB) to provide oversight
for auditors of public companies.
Sarbanes-Oxley Act
 Perhaps the most significant provision of the Act is

the requirement in Section 404 that management
assess and report on the effectiveness of internal
control over financial reporting.
 The company’s auditor must also report on the
effectiveness of the company’s internal company’s
financial statements, in addition to reporting on the
results of their audit of the company’s financial
statement.
Learning Objective 1
Describe auditing.
描述審計
Nature of Auditing 審計的性質
Auditing is the accumulation and evaluation of evidence

about information to determine and report on the degree
of correspondence between the information and
established criteria. 審計係累積和評估有關資訊
的証據 , 來報導資訊與既定標準間符合的程度
Auditing should be done by a competent, independent

person. 審計應由具有能力及獨立的人執行
Information and Established
Criteria
To do an audit, there must be information in a

verifiable form and some standards (criteria)
by which the auditor can evaluate the
information.
Accumulating and
Evaluating Evidence
Evidence is any information used by the auditor

to determine whether the information being
audited is stated in accordance with the
established criteria. 証據係指審計人員在判定
受查資訊是否符合既定準則的任何資訊
Accumulating and Evaluating
Evidence
Evidence is any information used by the

auditor to determine whether the
information being audited is stated in
accordance with the established criteria.
----Evidence takes many different forms,
including oral testimony of the auditee
(client), written communication with
outsiders, observations by the auditor, and
electronic data about transactions.
Accumulating and Evaluating
Evidence
----It is important to obtain a sufficient

quality and volume of evidence to satisfy the
purpose of the audit.
----Determining the types and amount of
evidence necessary and evaluating whether
the information corresponds to the
established criteria is a critical part of every
audit.
©2005 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 10/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley 1 - 10
Competent, Independent
Person
The auditor must be qualified to understand the

criteria used and must be competent to know
the types and amount of evidence to accumulate
to reach the proper conclusion after the
evidence has been examined.
The competence of the individual performing
the audit is of little value if he or she is biased
in the accumulation and evaluation of evidence.
Competent, Independent Person
---The auditor must be qualified to

understand the criteria used and must be
competent to know the types and amount
of evidence to accumulate to reach the
proper conclusion after the evidence has
been examined.
----The auditor must also have an
independent mental attitude.
Competent, Independent Person
---The competence of the individual performing the

audit is of little value if he or she is biased in the
accumulation and evaluation of evidence.
---Although absolute independence is impossible,
auditor strive to maintain a high level of
independence to keep to donfidence of users
relying on their reports.
---Auditors reporting on company financial
statements are often called independent auditors.
Reporting
The final stage in the auditing process is

preparing the Audit Report,( 審計最後步驟是
準備審計報告 ) which is the communication
of the auditor’s findings to users.(
將審計人員查核結果與使用者溝通 )
Audit of a Tax Return
Example 所得稅申報查核的例子
Information
Competent, Federal tax returns
independent filed by taxpayer
person ( 納稅義務人 )
Internal revenue Report on results

Agent 內地
稅務代理人 Determines Report on tax
correspondence Deficiencies
稅務缺失報告
Accumulates and
evaluates evidence Established criteria
Examines cancelled Internal Revenue
checks and other Code and all
supporting records interpretations
Distinguish between
auditing and accounting.
審計與會計的區別
Distinguish Between Auditing and
Accounting
Accounting is the recording, classifying, and

summarizing of economic events for the purpose
of providing financial information used in
decision making.
Auditing is determining whether recorded
information properly reflects the economic events
that occurred during the accounting period.
Explain the importance

of auditing in reducing
information risk. 解釋審計
降低資訊風險的重要性
Economic demand for auditing
If the bank makes the loan, it will charge a rate

of interest determined primarily by three factors:
 Risk-free interest rate
 Business risk for the customer
 information risk.
Economic Demand
for Auditing 審計的經濟需求
Information risk reflects the possibility that
the information upon which the business
risk decision was made was inaccurate. 資訊
風險反應企業決策資訊不正確的可能性
Auditing has no effect on either the risk-free interest

rate or business risk,
Auditing can have a significant effecton
information risk. 審計對資訊風險有重大影響
List the causes of information

risk, and explain how this
risk may be reduced. 引起資訊風險
的原因及如何降低
Causes of Information Risk
Remoteness of information 資訊的疏遠性
Biases and motives of the provider

資訊提供者的偏誤與動機
Voluminous data 大量的資訊
Complex exchange transactions 交易的複雜
Remoteness of Information
 It is impossible for a decision maker to

have much firsthand knowledge about the
0organization with which he or she does
business.
when information is obtained from
others, the likelihood of it being
intentionally or unintentionally misstated
increases.
Biases and Motives of the
Provider
if information is provided by someone

whose goals are inconsistent with those
of the decision maker, the information
may be biased in favor of the provider.
Voluminous Data
As organizations become larger, so

does the volume of their exchange
transactions.
Complex exchange transactions
exchange transactions between

organizations have become
increasingly complex and therefore
more difficult to record properly.
Reducing Information Risk
User verifies information. 使用者驗證
User shares information risk with management.

使用者與管理者分攤風險
Audited financial statements are provided.

提供審定財務報表
Capital Costs to Shrink
Elliott’s Example
Assuming a cost of capital of 13%, Elliott

estimates this rate is composed of the following:
5.5% risk-free interest rate
3.5% economic risk premium (business risk)
4.0% information cost (information risk)

Describe assurance services and

distinguish audit services from other
assurance and non-assurance services
provided by CPAs.
描述確信服務、區別審計服務與其他確
信服務的異同、會計師所提供其他非確
信服務
Assurance Services 確信服務
Assurance services are professional

services that improve the quality of
information for decision makers.
確信服務是為了提高決策者所需資訊的品質，
所進行獨立專業服務，確信服務可提高資訊的
可靠性及攸關性。
確信服務的定義
Assurance services can be

performed by CPAs or by
a variety of other professionals.
 確信服務可以由會計師或其他專業團體
完成。例如消費者保護協會，進行有關
產品的檢查，所提供的資訊。收視調查
所進行收視率的調查。
Individuals who are responsible for
making business decisions seek
assurance services to help improve
the reliability and relevance of the
information used as the basis for
their decisions.
Assurance services are valued because
the assurance provider is
independent and perceived as being
unbiased with respect to the
information examined.
Attestation Services 簽證服務
An attestation service is a type of assurance

service in which the CPA firm issues a
report about the reliability of an assertion
that is the responsibility of another party.
簽証服務為會計師所提供確信服務的
一種，會計師對另一團體
所提出聲明的可靠性出具報告
An attestation service is a type of
assurance service in which the CPA
firm issues a written communication
that expresses a conclusion about the
reliability of a written assertion of
another party.
Attestation Services
Audit of historical financial statements 歷史財務報表審計
Review of historical financial statements 歷史財務報表核閱
Attestation on internal control

over financial reporting 內部控制制度的簽證
Other attestation services 其他簽證服務

Audit of historical financial
statements-
Is a form of attestation service in which the

auditor issues a written report expressing an
opinion about whether the financial
statements are in material conformity with
generally accepted accounting principles.
財務報表審計是簽證服務的一種財務報表在
所有重大方面是否符合一般公認會計原則表
達意見的書面報告
Audit of historical financial
statements-
--the value the auditor’s assurance because of the

auditor’s independence from the client and
knowledge of financial statement reporting
matters.
--publicly traded companies in the United States
are required to have. Audits under the federal
securities acts
Review of historical financial
statements
--many nonpublic companies want to provide assurance

on their financial statements, without incurring the
cost of an audit.
--An audit provides a high level of assurance, a review
service provides a moderate amount of assurance on
the financial statement, and less evidence is necessary
to support this level of assurance.
--another type of attestation service performed by
CPAs.
statements
This type of review is often

adequate to meet users’ needs
and can be provided by the CPA
firm at a much lower fee than
an audit.
statements
A review of historical financial

statements is another type of
attestation service performed by
CPAs.
Other Assurance Services 其他確信服務
The Elliott Committee was charged with

researching and developing new assurance
services opportunities( 新的確信服務 )
for CPAs to provide to business and
individual clients who need
relevant and reliable information for
critical decision making.
Assurance Services on
Information Technology
WebTrust is an attestation service, and the

WebTrust seal is a symbolic representation
of the CPA’s report on management’s assertions
about its disclosure of electronic commerce
practices. 網信確信服務是一種簽證服務。
電子網信印章提供使用者該網路已達成企業
實物交易公平與資訊處理準則標準的確信。
Other Assurance Services 其他確信服務
For example: banks often require

debtors to engage CPAs to provide
assurance about the debtor’s
compliance with certain financial
covenant provisions stated in the loan
agreement.
There is an increased demand for assurance
about computer controls surrounding
information transacted electronically and the
security of the information related to
the transactions.
– assurance over Web site controls( 網址控制服務 )
– assurance about information system reliability

( 資訊系統可靠性服務 )
SysTrust is an attest-type engagement

to evaluate and test system reliability in
areas such as security and data integrity.
資訊系統可靠性服務，提供系統是否
已擁有完備設計與運作，產生可靠
資訊及避免資料毀損。
Assurance Services on Other
Types of Information
Nonassurance Services provided
by CPAs
accounting and bookkeeping services,

tax services, management consulting
services.
Assurance, Attestation, and
Nonassurance Services
ASSURANCE SERVICES
ATTESTATION SERVICES
Audits Reviews
Certain
Other Attestation Services Management
(e.g., WebTrust, SysTrust) Consulting
Other Assurance Services

(e.g., CPA Performance View)
Assurance, Attestation, and
Nonassurance Services
NONASSURANCE SERVICES 非確信服務
Other Management
Consulting 其他管理諮詢
Certain Management Accounting and

Consulting 特定管理諮詢 Bookkeeping 會計與簿記
Tax Services
稅務服務
會計師提供審計及相關服務
目地如下：
1. 財務報表之查核之目的，在使會計師對財務報表
是否按一般公認會計原則編製並基於重大性之考
量，對財務報表是否允當表達表示其意見。
2. 專案審查之目的，係會計師根據某既定準則或規
定，對受查聲明，基於重大性之考量，是否允當
表達表示其意見。
3. 財務報表之核閱目的，在使會計師根據核閱程序
執行之結果，說明是否未發現財務報表有違反既
定準則或規定而須作重大修正之情事。其他財務
資訊之核閱與財務報表之核閱相似。
會計師提供審計及相關服務
目地如下：
4. 協議程序之執行之目的，在使會計師根據其與委
任人及相關第三者所協議之程序執行，並報導所
發現之事實。會計師僅於報告中陳述所執行之程
序及所發現之事實，報告收受者可據以自行作成
結論。為免未參與協議者對執行該等程序之原因
產生誤解，會計師執行協議程序出具之報告僅供
參與協議者使用。
5. 財務資訊之代編，係會計師受託以其會計知識蒐
集、分類及彙總財務資訊，而非以其查核知識查
核財務報表。
會計師審計及相關服務所提
供之確信程度如下
1. 財務報表之查核，在使會計師對受查者之財務報
表有無重大不實表達，提供高度但非絕對之確信。
此項確信於查核報告中以積極之文字表達。會計
師所表示之意見，在對財務報表有無重大不實表
達提供合理之確信，此項確信可提高財務報表之
可信度，惟無法保證受查者未來能永續經營或管
理階層之經營具效率或效果。
2. 專案審查，在使會計師對受查者之聲明，例如內
部控制有效之聲明，提供高度但非絕對之確信。此
項確信在專案審查報告中以積極之文字表達。
會計師審計及相關服務所提
供之確信程度如下
3. 財務報表之核閱，在使會計師對受核閱者之財務
資訊有無重大不實表達提供中度之確信。此項確
信在核閱報告中以消極之文字表達。
4. 協議程序之執行，僅在使會計師於報告中陳述所
發現之事實，不對受查財務資訊整體是否允當表
達提供任何程度之確信。
5. 財務資訊之代編，可使資訊使用者因會計師之參
與而受益，會計師出具之報告並不對財務資訊提
供任何程度之確信。
Differentiate the three

main types of audits.
區別三種主要審計的類別
Types of Audits
三種審計的定義
1. 財務報表審計 : 判斷財務報表整體而言
是否符合一般公認會計原則
2. 作業審計 : 複核組織的營運程序或方法
, 評估營運的效率與效果
3. 遵循審計 : 被查核的標的是否依照既定
的程序規章或更高層級的規範行事
-the first two services are often called audit
activities, even though they are most similar
to assurance and attestation services.
財務報表審計
--Normally, the criteria are generally accepted

accounting principles (GAAP), although it is
also common to conduct audits of financial
statements prepared using the cash basis or
some other basis of accounting appropriate for
the organization.
--The financial statements most often included are
the statement of financial position, income
statement, and statement of cash flows including
accompanying footnotes.
財務報表審計
--In determining whether financial statements are

fairly stated in accordance with GAAP, the
auditor performs appropriate tests to determine
whether the statements contain material errors
or other misstatements.
作業審計
--at the completion of an operational audit,

management normally expects
recommendations for improving operations.
--In operational auditing, the reviews are not
limited to accounting. They can include the
evaluation of organization structure,
computer operations, production methods,
marketing and any other area in which the
auditor is qualified.
遵循審計
to determine whether the auditee is

following specific procedures, rules, or
regulations set by some higher
authority.
Operational Audit 作業審計
Evaluate computerized payroll system

Example
for efficiency and effectiveness
Number of records processed, cost of
Information
the department, and number of errors
Established Company standards for efficiency and
Criteria effectiveness in payroll department
Available Error reports, payroll records, and
Evidence payroll processing costs
Compliance Audit
Determine whether bank requirements

Example
for loan continuation have been met
Information Company records
Established
Loan agreement provisions
Criteria
Available Financial statements and
Evidence calculations by the auditor
Financial Statement Audit
Annual audit of Boeing’s

Example
financial statements
Information Boeing's financial statements
Established Generally accepted accounting

Criteria principles
Available Documents, records, and outside
Evidence sources of evidence
Identify the primary

types of auditors.
審計人員的類型
Types of Auditors
Certified public accounting firms

公共會計師事務所
General accounting office auditors
會計總局審計人員
Internal revenue agents 內地稅務局人員
Internal auditors 內部稽核
Describe the requirements

for becoming a CPA.
成為會計師的要求
Three Requirements for
Becoming a CPA
Educational requirement
Uniform CPA examination requirement
Experience requirement
CPA Examination Sections
Auditing and attestation
Financial accounting and reporting
Regulation
Business environments and concepts

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Organization

Part1 The auditing profession (ch1-5)

The Demand for Audit and

In the aftermath of WorldCom and other major

 Perhaps the most significant provision of the Act is

Auditing is the accumulation and evaluation of evidence

Auditing should be done by a competent, independent

To do an audit, there must be information in a

Evidence is any information used by the auditor

Evidence is any information used by the

----It is important to obtain a sufficient

The auditor must be qualified to understand the

---The auditor must be qualified to

---The competence of the individual performing the

The final stage in the auditing process is

Internal revenue Report on results

Accounting is the recording, classifying, and

Explain the importance

If the bank makes the loan, it will charge a rate

Auditing has no effect on either the risk-free interest

List the causes of information

Remoteness of information 資訊的疏遠性

Biases and motives of the provider

Voluminous data 大量的資訊

Complex exchange transactions 交易的複雜

 It is impossible for a decision maker to

if information is provided by someone

As organizations become larger, so

exchange transactions between

User verifies information. 使用者驗證

User shares information risk with management.

Audited financial statements are provided.

Assuming a cost of capital of 13%, Elliott

5.5% risk-free interest rate

3.5% economic risk premium (business risk)

4.0% information cost (information risk)

Describe assurance services and

Assurance services are professional

Assurance services can be

An attestation service is a type of assurance

Audit of historical financial statements 歷史財務報表審計

Review of historical financial statements 歷史財務報表核閱

Attestation on internal control

Other attestation services 其他簽證服務

Is a form of attestation service in which the

--the value the auditor’s assurance because of the

--many nonpublic companies want to provide assurance

This type of review is often

A review of historical financial

The Elliott Committee was charged with

WebTrust is an attestation service, and the

For example: banks often require

– assurance over Web site controls( 網址控制服務 )

– assurance about information system reliability

SysTrust is an attest-type engagement

accounting and bookkeeping services,

Other Assurance Services

Certain Management Accounting and

Differentiate the three

--Normally, the criteria are generally accepted

--In determining whether financial statements are

--at the completion of an operational audit,

to determine whether the auditee is