BRO410

Principles Of Broadcasting And Multimedia

Chapter 4: Cable, Satellite, And Other Delivery Systems

Presented By: Name AMIRRUL ARIFF BIN ABDUL RAHMAN MUHAMMAD FAISAL BIN MAHAMUD No Matric 2011655446 2011237028

Objective
how regulation of television led to a new delivery system
the differences between broadcast delivery and other types of delivery systems in both mass media and person-to-person communication

the business, technology, and programming of cable, satellite and other delivery systems
what changes can be expected in the future for electronic media delivery

See It Then
Cable Delivery

Until late 1970s, most people in big cities received TV signal directly from broadcast stations.

In rural areas & outside major metropolitan received a signal from major market stations with small transmitter.

The retransmitting device, translator, send signal out on a special frequency.

Led to the birth of Cable Television.

Regulatory Problem
Lead to Reception Problems
Started in late 1940s, when TV industry was just beginning.

The problem was TV stations were located primarily in large cities.

TV found an eager audience for its programs, which took many show directly from radio and add pictures.

People were rushing to buy TV sets, companies were rushing to get licenses to deliver the programs.

The stage was set to begin a huge growth phase but arrived a problem : The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) was inundated with applications for new stations.

The FCCs Dilemma

In late 1940s, the FCC take time to study the issue of channel assignment before deal with vast number of applications that had accumulated.

During this time, TV became very popular.

Result : the FCC put a freeze on all application for TV station licenses.

Initially meant to be temporary and last only six month, the freeze lasted four years, from 1948 to 1952.

Community Antennas

Need is the Mother of Invention: led to some innovation.

Some innovator who involved in specific solution to the problem of reception of distant TV signal like John Walson, L.E. Parsons.

Music Box memo- a plan to sell radio by providing attractive programming on radio.

These problem were solved with concept of a shared antenna system.

Master antenna system- one good antenna was used to receive TV signal & distribute it to apartments through a system of wires.

Continue

Community Antenna TV(CATV)- placing an antenna in location with good reception & distributing & sharing the signal after reception.

Milton Shapp, owner of Jerrold Electronics, joined force with Tarlton, eventually became leader in manufacturing equipment.

L.E. Parsons- credited with starting the first commercial cable system.

Bob Tarlton was an appliance dealer, interested in manufacturing equipment.

Cable Develop As Delivery System

Cable delivery began as a service that helped broadcasters reach their intended audiences.

Cable companies became multichannel video program distributors(MVPDs).

Cable Adds Pay Cable

In early 1970s, Sterling Manhattan Cable in New York City, owned by Time,Inc., put together an entertainment channel with live sports and movies. Result- new company called Home Box Office(HBO). Pay cable- subscribers paid extra for the premium channels, first company to deliver programming via satellite. Showtime, another pay cable service in 1978 emerged because viewers desire for new and varied programming choice led to huge increase. It also provided channels with local origination channels, included all program obtained by cable system as well as public access programs.

Copyright Issue Resurface

In late 1940s until 1970s, broadcast stations take a product made by other companies and able to resell it without paying those companies for the use of their product. Copyright Act of 1976established the Copyright Royalty Tribunal to enforce the fees charged to cable system.

Problems1) established and temporarily settled question of copyright liability,

2) national satellites were available for communication,

3) Elimination of restriction on pay cable, and

4) Federal government moved toward a freemarket attitude.

Franchising
The City Council would publish request for proposal (RFP), weigh the merits of the proposal submitted, then vote for the best proposal.

Mean-Community gave permission to company for begin serve its residents with cable TV.

Financial- community trying to get best deal for itself & its residents.

Political- public relation & persuasion involved to convince the city council to accept proposal written by cable company.

Blue Sky period- cable was perceived by many as panacea for delivery of TV programs.

Shortcoming on financial model- building the infrastructure of channels for health care, fire and safety monitoring,& banking.

The Cable Act Of 1984

It provided a number of guideline, included specific rules towards Result- Cable Communication In 1970s and 1980s, municipalitys control FCC continued back Policy Act of 1984, an over rates & away from regulating programming, ability amendment to to retain their Communication Act the cable industry. franchise,& theft of of 1934. cable services by audience members.

Satellite Delivery

Satellite Television -same technology that allows point-to-multipoint video communication, was first available in mid 1970s.

It required a large receiving dish, as result, the price of equipment was high & large space are needed to installed it.

The C Band- the space in the electromagnetic spectrum used, required large dish to best received signal.

Satellite Radio -early 1980s, radio became a medium of formats rather than programs, it provided preprogrammed content in 2 categories :
Electronic transcriptionbefore satellite used to distributed programming, radio stations received variety of recording that provided programming to stations.

1) Individual syndicated programs & Features 2) All-day format services.

The station would play the recording to ensure the listener felt that the station still local and not just recording.

Point-to-Point Or One-to-One Communication

With the invention of telephone in 1876, the electronic delivery of personal media became part of American's live.

The cost of making cell phones was too high.

1980, telephone had grown beyond real-time, can send faxes even attaching answering machines to record voice message.

First portable telephone units, called transportables or luggables, were big and heavy but appropriate for some applications.

First prototype was developed in 1947 as way to communicate from cars.

Cell phones were commercially available in 1984.

See It Now
1990s Cable Penetration reached 56.4% subscriber in the beginning of 1990s NOW Many have change from analog cable to digital cable. Digital cable allows signal compression. At the end of 1990s the subscription of cable penetration percentage grown up to 67%

Cable Subscription Rates

Signal Carriage versus Retransmission Consent

Based on the Cable Television Consumer Act 1992 , cable systems with more than 12 channels had to reserve channels for all local broadcast stations

But, the multiple system operation(MSOs) declared that they would not negotiate with broadcasters for signal use

Instead , they offer they a dedicated channel to use fro an additional service.

Technology

Advantages of Digital Signal Cable

Can be compressed allowing process called multiplexing.

Provide interactive cable.

Many digital signal cable offer wide selection of Near Video on Demand (NVOD).

Satellite Delivery

Geosynchronous satellites 22300 miles above the earths equator. These stationary satellites provide services to cable companies and television stations.

Middle-Earth Orbiterstravel beneath 22300 miles but over 1000 miles above the earth. These nonstationary satellites are used for voice and data transmission and also for global positioning system(GPS)

Low-Orbit Satellites- a nonstationary satellites and travel from 100 to 1000 miles above the earth. They are used for personal communication service such as mobile phones and internet.

Satellite Master Antenna Television

Also known as private cable, serve one or several adjacent buildings. Most common locations are urban apartment buildings and suburban apartment complexes

Provide video programming, internet access and other telecommunication services.

Serve up to 1 million households

Satellite Television
Large satellite television dishes started disappearing from 1980s onward.

On 1999,DBS is not allowed to carry local broadcast stations on its feed to homes.

Direct broadcast satellite(DBS) was successfully came in 1994 by a company called DirectTV to compete with cable.

Satellite Radio

XM Satellites
In 2001, XM Satellite It was formed with successfully began a the help of inventors radio service that from automobile, send a satellite signal manufacturing, to cars and homes broadcast radio, and equipped with special satellite broadcasting. satellite receivers.
XM provides 100 channels

Sirius Satellites Radio

Began service shortly after XM did

Uses three satellites

provide 100 channels-60 channels of commercial-free music and 40 channels of news, sports, talk, and childrens programming.

Microwave Delivery

Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Systems(MMDS) -systems that can deliver TV programming without wires, similar to broadcast delivery, referred as wireless cable.

MMDS differs from broadcast because it delivers a multichannel signal of up to 33 channels and uses a much higher frequency.

Parabolic antennaconcentrate a weak signal to make it strong one.

MMDS has limited success, making it uncompetitive and not nearly as desirable.

Point-to-point or One-to-one Communication

digital cell phones
But when digital cell phones became cheap, versatile, & dependable in 1990s, pagers dropped from popularity.

provide oneway version with alphanumeric messaging.

Another form, Data Transfer, daily occurrence for anyone who uses a credit card to make a purchase.

Pager

Data Transfer

Cell Phones

Mobile-how its used, Cellularhow it works.

Cell phone- type of two-way radio.

City or country divided into smaller areas called cells, few miles in radius.

The size of cell varies according to geographic terrain, number of cell phone users, & demand.

Data Services
Another use of electronic media involves the corporate world. A prime example- use a credit card.

Seem complicated, it all happens quickly and without problems.

Capability of data services to send and receive information quickly and accurately.

See It Later
The Changeover to Digital American today understand the digital revolution and the advantages that digital transmission of media present.

Technological innovation and business realities are driving changes in this industry

Before 2006,television broadcasters will be switching to digital broadcasting.

Cable Delivery
Because of tight competition, cable television is keeping its audience happy. Cable companies are now upgrading their system from analog to digital to allow more channel capacity In effort to find more revenue, cable companies are heavily promoting Internet access through cable modems.

Satellite Delivery

DBS companies, DirectTV, and EchoStar/DISH Network continue to attach customers by offering more than 100 television channels.

Prediction shows that number of hour each person spent with cable television and satellite television channels will increase from 950 hours to 1026 hours per year in 2007

XM and Sirius both have transportable version of the receiver, which can be used in car, boat or home to overcome the popularity of satellite television.

Point-to-Point or One-to-One Communication

Technologies innovation is occurring rapidly in the cell phone arena that will let users more easily take digital pictures, surf the web, perform instant messaging, play games and etc.

Fiber optic network are capable of transferring more information than either telephone wire or cable.

Worldwide telephone ,cableTV, wireless communication and computer data networks are versatile and can transmit any kin of data at very low cost

Radio, audio and television are now delivery via internet.

Transmission of information had changed from wired to wireless.

Internet Delivery

Voice over Internet protocol(VOIP) is a technology to make phone calls via WIFI.

What is more instance messaging via internet are now an alternative such as WhatsApp and Blackberry Messenger(BBM)

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