El sistema de contabilidad

 En inglés y en español existen sustantivos

contables, por ej:
 books / libros, houses / casas;
 y sustantivos no contables, por ej:
 Water / agua, milk / leche
Contrastes entre los sistemas
 El contraste puede estar señalado por marcadores
gramaticales, a saber:
 1. Marcadores gramaticales de frases nominales no
contables.
 En inglés:
 a) La forma singular del sustantivo con determinante
0, por ej.:
 Happiness is usually unattainable
 Love is essential to life
 I always have coffee with milk
 The table is made of wood
Marcadores gramaticales de
frases nominales no contables
 b) La forma singular del sustantivo,
cuantificada por ‘much’, ‘little’, ‘a little’:
 She hasn’t got much paper
 He has much trouble
 I have little time (not much)
 I have a little time (some)
 c) La forma singular del sustantivo, precedida
por ‘all’:
 I say this in all sincerity
 All work should be dome properly.
Marcadores gramaticales de
frases nominales no contables
 En español:
 a) La forma singular del sustantivo con determinante
0:
 Con paciencia todo se alcanza
 Comprensión es lo que más se necesita
 Me gusta mucho tomar leche con plátano
 b) La forma singular del sustantivo cuantificada por
‘mucho,-a’, ‘tanto,-a’, ‘poco,-a’
 Compramos mucho café
 No es aconsejable beber tanto té
 Nos queda poca plata
Marcadores gramaticales de
frases nominales contables
 En inglés:
 a) La forma singular del sustantivo,
determinada por ‘a(n)’:
 He has a car
 Give me a notebook
 A dog is a true companion
 B) La forma singular del sustantivo,
determinada por ‘each’ o ‘every’:
 Each boy is different
 We visit them every month
Marcadores gramaticales de
frases nominales contables
 c) El contraste de número, marcado en el sustantivo (plural):
 book – books, thief – thieves, ox – oxen, louse – lice,
 Stimulus – stimuli, crisis – crises, datum – data, goose – geese,
etc.
 d) Una forma invariable o plural del sustantivo, precedida por
un determinante plural:
 He has many sheep
 These students are all hard-working
 Few Europeans speak Chinese
 e) Concordancia de número plural con verbos o pronombres:
 People are trying to save energy nowadays, aren`t they?
 The Cabinet have given their consent, haven’t they?
Marcadores gramaticales de
frases nominales contables
 En español:
 a) La forma singular, determinada por ‘un’, ‘una’:
 Está organizando un viaje a Canadá
 Recibió una medalla de reconocimiento
 b) La forma singular, determinada por ‘cada’:
 Cada estudiante donó un libro
 Cada participante debe traer sus materiales
 c) El contraste de número, marcado en el sustantivo:
 Construirán muros de contención para evitar derrumbes
 Los nuevos profesores aún no han entregado sus curricula
Marcadores gramaticales de
frases nominales contables
 d) Forma invariable o plural, precedida por un
determinante plural:
 Pocos niños prefieren quedarse en casa los domingos
 Muchas personas participan en los juegos de azar
 e) Concordancia de número plural con verbos y
adjetivos:
 Hermosos pendientes dan pista en el asesinato de
jóvenes artistas
 Se enviaron cartas a todos los integrantes del comité
Discrepancias en el número
gramatical
 1) Forma invariable en inglés, variable en español:
 a) sólo plural en inglés:
 trouserspantalón, pantalones
 customs aduana, aduanas
 goods bien, bienes
 billiards billar, billares
 b) sólo singular en inglés:
 bread pan, panes
 information información, informaciones
 advice consejo, consejos
 furniture mueble, muebles
 Discrepancias en el número
gramatical…
 2) Forma variable en inglés, invariable en español:
 umbrella, umbrellas paraguas
 Monday, Mondays lunes
 birthday, birthdays cumpleaños
 3) Formas variables sin restricciones en inglés, con restricciones en
español:
 Apellidos Smith, Smiths Vergara, Vergaras
 Brown, Browns Quiroz, Quiroces
 Restricciones en español: los apellidos terminados en ‘az’, ‘anz’, ‘ez’,
‘enz’, ‘iz’, ‘inz’, son siempre invariables
 4) Formas variables con restricciones en inglés, sin restricciones en
español:
 The Japanese the Swiss
 Sin restricciones en español: alemán, alemanes; inglés, ingleses
 Discrepancias en el número
gramatical…
 Expresiones en las que el inglés y el español usan distinto número:
 They walked holding hands Caminaban
tomados de la mano
 The Middle Ages La Edad Media
 He is on the road to recovery
Está en vías de recuperarse
 He was unable to see past the end of his nose
No podía ver más allá de sus narices
 Good morning / evening / night
Buenos días, buenas tardes, buenas noches
 He disappeared in the twinkling of an eye
Desapareció en un abrir y cerrar de ojos
 In the land of the blind, the one-eyed is king
En tierra de ciegos, el tuerto es rey
 Ejercicio 1
 The conversion of a tomato fruit from the mature green to
fully ripe state involves dramatic changes in colour, aroma,
flavour and texture. Ripening used to be thought as the result
of a series of degradative processes of hydrolytic enzymes.
However, it is now clear that ripening is dependent on a wide
range of separate synthetic as well as degradative reactions.
These include alterations in metabolism and gene expression
which have dramatic effect on fruit quality. The changes are
highly coordinated; they occur in the majority of the cells of the
fruit and involve every subcellular compartment. The various
facets of ripening appear to be coordinated and regulated by
plant hormones but may be modified by genetic and
environmental factors.
In this chapter the general features of tomato ripening are
outlined first, together with a discussion of the cellular
mechanisms regulating the processes.
 Ejercicio 1
 This is followed by a consideration of the ways in which
genotype, growing conditions, disease, and post-harvest history
can influence specific quality attributes.
Massive cell expansion occurs during the growth of tomato
fruits. Typical pericarp parenchyma cells at the mature-green
stage measure 300-500 µm or more, have relatively thick cell
walls and a thin layer of cytoplasm surrounding a central
vacuole. The cytoplasm of each cell is bounded on the inside
by the tonoplast membrane and on the outside by the
plasmalemma. Occasionally the cytoplasm of adjacent cells can
be seen to be in communication by strands of protoplasm,
called plasmodesmata, which pass through the cell walls.
 Ejercicio 2
 In this sense, human brotherhood is a myth made actual and
concrete by the history of horror: it is a myth with a history; a
necessity only history can give. Human life is now confronted
with a range of new conditions –continent-wide famines,
nuclear war, ecological catastrophe, and genocide- that
constitute victims who have no social relations capable of
mobilizing their salvation, and who, as a result, make an ethic
of universal moral obligation among strangers a necessity for
the future of life on the planet. But without this weak and
inconstant ethic, this impersonal commitment to strangers, the
universal victim will find no one beyond the wire to feed him. It
is this weak moral language, and the new experience of
universal victimhood it is trying to address, if which television
has become the privileged modern medium.
 Ejercicio 3
 Identifique los sustantivos contables y los no contables
del siguiente texto, y señale sus marcadores gramaticales:
 The American Indians had no particular desire to spread the seeds
and techniques for growing corn and tobacco to other peoples, not to
mention the methods of consuming these products. It was the
explorers who picked up the ideas when they saw the Indians
smoking tobacco or eating corn, and who carried the seeds and
knowledge for growing the plants and consuming them back to
Europe, and from there on to Asia and Africa. It was thus with
firearms also, even though the transfer of the thing and the
technique was in the other direction. The Indians saw the power of a
gun when some of them were killed through its use. They then tried
in every way they could to get this new device. It has been like this
even with ideas.