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INTRODUCTION
Scientific Skills
Manipulative Skills
Basic
Integrated
defining operationally
Basic Science Process Skills Using the sense of hearing, touch, smell, taste & sight to find out about objects or events Classifying Using observations to group objects or events according to similarities or differences Measuring & Making quantitative observations by using numbers comparing to a conventional or nonconventional standard Making Using past experiences or previously Inferences collected data to draw early conclusions & make explanations of events Observing
The following are some observations and inferences statements that has been made about a coin Observations This coin is the colour of copper This coin has the date 1994 marked on it This coin has raised letters on it and they are clear and uniform in size When I drop the coin on the table it makes a clinking sound The coin has a green substance on one side The coin has one long deep scratch on one side Inferences I infer it is made of copper The coin probably was made in 1994 I infer the coin was made by machine
Perhaps the coin sat in water and become corroded Maybe someone deliberately gouged the coin with a sharp instrument
Basic Science Process Skills Making a forecast about what will happen in the future based on prior knowledge gained through experiences or collected data. Communicating Using words or graphic symbols such as tables, graphs, figures or models to describe an action, object or event. Predicting Using space time relationship Describing changes in parameter with time. Examples of parameters are location, direction, shape, size, volume, weight and mass.
Integrated Science Process Skills Interpreting data Giving rational explanations about an object, event or pattern derived from collected data. Defining all variables as they are used in an experiment by describing what must be done and what should be observed. Naming the fixed variable (what to keep the same), manipulated variable (what to change) and responding variable (what to measure) in an investigation.
Defining operationally
Controlling variables
Integrated Science Process Skills Making a general statement about the relationship between a manipulated variable and a responding variable to explain an observation or event. The statement can be tested to determine its validity. Experimenting Planning and conducting activities including collecting, analyzing & interpreting data & making conclusions. Making hypotheses
MANIPULATIVE SKILLS
Psychomotor skills that enable us to carry out the practical works in science. These include: Using & handling science apparatus & materials accurately Drawing science apparatus & specimens Handling specimens correctly & carefully Cleaning apparatus Storing science apparatus & materials
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A few simple rules need to be followed to ensure safety: before starting work, cover all wounds hands must be thoroughly washed with soap at least if bitten treat the wound with antiseptic
Manipulative Skills
SUMMARY 1. Observing is using the five senses to find out about objects or events. 2. Classifying is to group objects or events according to similarities and differences. 3. Measuring and using numbers is making quantitative observations by comparing to conventional standard. 4. Inferring is using past experiences or previously collected data to draw conclusions and make explanations of events. 5. Predicting is making a forecast about what will happen in the future based on prior knowledge gained through experiences or collected data. 6. Communicating is using words or graphic symbols such as tables, graphs, figures, models to describe an action, object or event.
Continue 7. Interpreting data is a process of transforming the information shown in diagrams, graphs, tables, photographs, drawings and charts into general statements. 8. Identifying and controlling variables is a process of determining and describing anything that can influence a situation or a system. 9. Constructing hypotheses is the process of making a generalization of events or objects. 10. Defining operationally is a process of determining the meaning and context of words or statements so that there is a common understanding between the person delivering it and the person addressed to. 11. Experimenting is a process undertaken to test a hypothesis, answer a question, verify or illustrate known facts or principle.
Continue.
12. Using and handling science apparatus and materials means able to choose appropriate apparatus and materials, able to read the scale on the instruments and use the instrument and materials with the right techniques. 13. Drawing science apparatus with the right techniques. 14. Handling plant and animal specimens correctly so as to ensure safety. 15. Cleaning apparatus with the right technique so that the lifelong of the instruments are prolonged. 16. Storing apparatus and materials properly in the right place and procedure so as to ensure cleanliness as well as lifelong of the instruments.
The End
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