Charts & Graphs

Ungrouped Versus Grouped Data

Ungrouped data
have not been summarized in any way are also called raw data

Grouped data
have been organized into a frequency distribution

Example of Ungrouped Data

42 30 53 50 52 30 55 49 61 74 26 58 40 40 28 36 30 33 31 37 32 37 30 32 23 32 58 43 30 29 34 50 47 31 35 26 64 46 40 43 57 30 49 40 25 50 52 32 60 54

Ages of a Sample of Managers from Urban Child Care Centers in the United States

Frequency Distribution of Child Care Managers Ages

Class Interval 20-under 30 30-under 40 40-under 50 50-under 60 60-under 70 70-under 80 Frequency 6 18 11 11 3 1

Data Range
42 30 53 50 52 30 55 49 61 74 26 58 40 40 28 36 30 33 31 37 32 37 30 32 23 32 58 43 30 29 34 50 47 31 35 26 64 46 40 43 57 30 49 40 25 50 52 32 60 54

Range = Largest - Smallest = 74 - 23 = 51

Smallest Largest

Number of Classes and Class Width

The number of classes should be between 5 and 15.
Fewer than 5 classes cause excessive summarization. More than 15 classes leave too much detail.

Class Width
Divide the range by the number of classes for an approximate class width Round up to a convenient number

51 Approximat Class Width = = 8.5 e 6 Class Width = 10

Class Midpoint
beginning class endpoint + ending class endpoint Class Midpoint = 2 30 + 40 = 2 = 35
1 Class Midpoint = class beginning point + class width 2 1 = 30 + ( 10) 2 = 35

Relative Frequency
Relative Class Interval 20-under 30 30-under 40 40-under 50 50-under 60 60-under 70 70-under 80 Total Frequency 6 .12 18 11 11 3 .06 1 .02 50 Frequency
6.36 = 5 .22 0 1.22 8 = 5 0

1.00

Cumulative Frequency
Class Interval 20-under 30 30-under 40 40-under 50 50-under 60 60-under 70 70-under 80 Total Frequency 66 18 11 11 3 49 1 50 Cumulative Frequency

18 + 6 24 35 11 + 24
46 50

Class Midpoints, Relative Frequencies, and Cumulative Frequencies

Relative Cumulative Class Interval Frequency Midpoint Frequency Frequency 20-under 30 6 25 .12 6 30-under 40 18 35 .36 24 40-under 50 11 45 .22 35 50-under 60 11 55 .22 46 60-under 70 3 65 .06 49 70-under 80 1 75 .02 50 Total 50 1.00

Cumulative Relative Frequencies

Cumulative Relative Cumulative Relative Class Interval Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency 20-under 30 6 .12 6 .12 30-under 40 18 .36 24 .48 40-under 50 11 .22 35 .70 50-under 60 11 .22 46 .92 60-under 70 3 .06 49 .98 70-under 80 1 .02 50 1.00 Total 50 1.00

Common Statistical Graphs

Histogram -- vertical bar chart of frequencies Frequency Polygon -- line graph of frequencies Ogive -- line graph of cumulative frequencies Pie Chart -- proportional representation for categories of a whole Stem and Leaf Plot Pareto Chart Scatter Plot

Histogram
Class Interval Frequency 20-under 30 30-under 40 40-under 50 50-under 60 60-under 70 70-under 80

6 18 11 11 3 1

Frequency

0 0

10

20

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Years

Histogram Construction
Class Interval Frequency 20-under 30 6 30-under 40 18 40-under 50 11 50-under 60 11 60-under 70 3 70-under 80 1

Frequency

0 0

10

20

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Years

Frequency Polygon
Class Interval Frequency 20-under 30 6 30-under 40 18 40-under 50 11 50-under 60 11 60-under 70 3 70-under 80 1

Frequency

0 0

10

20

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Years

Ogive
Cumulative Frequency 6 24 35 46 49 50

Class Interval 20-under 30 30-under 40 40-under 50 50-under 60 60-under 70 70-under 80

Frequency

0 0

20

40

60

10

20

30

40 Years

50

60

70

80

Relative Frequency Ogive

Cumulative Relative Frequency .12 .48 .70 .92 .98 1.00
Cumulative Relative Frequency

Class Interval 20-under 30 30-under 40 40-under 50 50-under 60 60-under 70 70-under 80

1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 0 10 20 30 40 Years 50 60 70 80

Complaints by Amtrak Passengers

COMPLAINT Stations, etc. Train Performance Equipment Personnel Schedules, etc. Total NUMBER 28,000 14,700 10,500 9,800 7,000 70,000 PROPORTION .40 .21 .15 .14 .10 1.00 DEGREES 144.0 75.6 50.4 50.6 36.0 360.0

Complaints by Amtrak Passengers

Personnel 14% Equipment 15% Schedules, Etc. 10%

Train Performance 21%

Stations, Etc. 40%

Second Quarter Truck Production in the U.S. (Hypothetical values)

Company A B C D E Totals

2d Quarter Truck Production 357,411 354,936 160,997 34,099 12,747 920,190

Second Quarter U.S. Truck Production

17% 4% 1%

39% 39%

Pie Chart Calculations for Company A

2d Quarter Truck Production 357,411

Company A B C D E Totals

Proportion .388 .386 .175

Degrees 140 139 63 13 5 360

3 5 7, 4 1 1 = 9 2 0,1 9 0

354,936 160,997 34,099 12,747 920,190

.388 360 = .037

.014 1.000

Safety Examination Scores for Plant Trainees

Raw Data
86 76 23 77 81 79 68 77 92 59 68 75 83 49 91 47 72 82 74 70 56 60 88 75 97 39 78 94 55 67 83 89 67 91 81

Stem 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 3 9 79 569

Leaf

07788 0245567789 11233689 11247

Construction of Stem and Leaf Plot

Raw Data
86 76 23 77 81 79 68 77 92 59 68 75 83 49 91 47 72 82 74 70 56 60 88 75 97 39

Stem

Leaf 3 9 79 569 07788 0245567789 11233689 11247

Stem
67 83

55

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Leaf
67 91 81

89

Stem 78
94 Leaf

Pareto Chart
100 90 80 70 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Poor Wiring Short in Coil Defective Plug Other

Frequency

60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Scatter Plot
Registered Vehicles Gasoline Sales (1000's of (1000's) Gallons) 5 60
Gasoline Sales

200

100

15 9 15 7

120
0

90 140 60

10 15 Registered Vehicles

20