A\l:A AGlAk

Ul0l1AL L00lC UL3l0N

lN1R0UuC1l0N
Course 0bjeotive
O Io iua:t t|o:ou-| u:cc:sta:ci:- oi Di-ital ouutc: a:c
l:io:uatio:. ou|i:atio:al lo-ic i:cuits. ou|i:atio:al lo-ic
Dcsi-:. cquc:tial i:cuits. kc-istc:s. ou:tc:s a:c \cuo:v
l:o-:auua|lc lo-ic Dcviccs.
Course Content
WIIK cGuRsI 1GPIcs
l:t:ocuctio:. li:a:v vstcus
! li:a:v vstcus. loolca: Al-c|:a a:c lo-ic Gatcs
! loolca: Al-c|:a a:c lo-ic Gatcs
+ iuliiicatio: oi loolca: lu:ctio:s
. iuliiicatio: oi loolca: lu:ctio:s
o ou|i:atio:al lo-ic
ou|i:atio:al lo-ic
\ictc:u lxau
9 ou|i:atio:al lo-ic wit| \l a:c ll
ou|i:atio:al lo-ic wit| \l a:c ll
cquc:tial lo-ic
! cquc:tial lo-ic
! cquc:tial lo-ic wit| \l
+ cquc:tial lo-ic wit| \l
. l:csc:tatio:s
o li:al lxau
ooks
O Di-ital lo-ic a:c ouutc: Dcsi-: |v \. \o::is \a:o.
l:c:ticc lall l:tc::atio:al lcitio:.
O Di-ital lu:cauc:tals |v llovc. ci-|t| ccitio:.
Course Problems
O latc |oucwo:| c:altv c: cav u to uaxiuuu oi ! cavs
:aitc: t|at loucwo:| will :ot |c accctcc
O Guicc to coulcti:- assi-:uc:ts
O studying together in groups is encouraged
O Discussion (oniyj
O Work submitted must be your ovn
Course Philosophv
O "uizzcs
O Assi-:uc:ts
O cucstc: l:ojcct
O \ictc:u !
O li:al lac: .
hat are mv expeotations?
O stay Positive and Injoy.
Commitment: Regular study and homework submission
:... ).o o ..o1 /..| . |o. o /... o-1..o-1.-o . /..o..
l:IkDuIl: l:IkDuIl:
Uieital 3vstems
Di-ital vstcus cxist cvc:vw|c:c
ouuu:icatio:. |a:|s. |ositals. l:tc::ct ctc.
ouutc:s a:c ci-ital svstcus
l:o-:auua|lc. ilcxi|lc
Uieital Revolution
O Di-ital svstcus sta:tcc |ac| i: 9+s.
O Di-ital svstcus covc: all a:cas oi liic.
O still ictu:cs
O ci-ital vicco
O ci-ital aucio
O tclc|o:c
O t:aiiic li-|ts
O A:iuatio:
Uieital vs. Analoe
AnaIog:
vaIues vary over a broad range
continuousIy
DigitaI:
onIy assumes discrete vaIues
+5
V
5
T ime
+5
V
5
1 0 1
T ime
Uieital vs. Analoe
O A:alo- svstcus :occss tiucva:vi:- si-:als t|at ca: ta|c o: a:v
valuc ac:oss a co:ti:uous :a:-c oi volta-cs :i:
clcct:icalclcct:o:ics svstcus.
O Di-ital svstcus :occss tiucva:vi:- si-:als t|at ca: ta|c o:
o:lv o:c oi two cisc:ctc valucs oi volta-cs :i:
clcct:icalclcct:o:ics svstcus.
O Disc:ctc valucs a:c callcc a:c :: a:c ll. llGl a:c lW.
Ikul a:c lAll. ctc.
hv is it named 'dieital'?
O la:lv couutc:s wc:c uscc uai:lv to c:io:u :uuc:ic
couutatio:s
O I|cv uscc /8.709000203984131472,943. ci-its
O DlGlIAl YIl\. ua:iulatc /8.7090 clcuc:ts oi
i:io:uatio: :ii:itc scts
O l.-. t|c ccciual ci-its. t|c !o lcttc:s oi t|c al|a|ct. o+
squa:cs oi c|css |oa:c
Uieital Computer
:uu|c: vstcus :uu|c: vstcus
0eneral Radix(ase) Representation
O decimaI number such as 7392 represents
7392 = 7x10
3
+ 3x10
2
+ 9x10
1
+ 2x10
0
O t is practical to write only coefficients and deduce
power of 10s from position as follows
O a
5
a
4
a
3
a
2
a
1
a
0
a
-1
a
-2
a
-3
10
5
a
5
+ 10
4
a
4
+ 10
3
a
3
+ 10
2
a
2
+ 10
1
a
1
+ 10
0
a
0
+ 10
-1
a
-1
+ 10
-2
a
-2
+ 10
-3
a
-3
Contd.
O n case of binary numbers , each coefficient a
j
is
multiplied by 2
j
O For example decimal equivalent of binary number
11010.11 is 26.75
Contd.
O n general, any radix (base) can be used
O Define coefficients a
i
in radix r
O 0 <= a
i
<r
O Common radix r = 2, 4, 8, 10, 16
Contd..
Uo vou know??
Number ase Conversions
O Any base (other than 10) into decimal base :
O Convert (1010.011)
2
into ()
10
O Convert (630.4)
8
into ()
10
Conversion of deoimal to binarv
O o:vc:t ccciual + to |i:a:v
Contd..
O A:it|uctic :occss ca |c ua:iulatcc uo:c co:vc:ic:tlv .
I|c i:tc-:al a:t oi a ccciual :uu|c: to :acix
:. :ccatcclv civicc |v : wit| :cui:cc:s
|ccoui:- a
i
I|c i:tc-:al a:t oi a ccciual :uu|c: to :acix
:. :ccatcclv civicc |v : wit| :cui:cc:s
|ccoui:- a
i
Conversion of deoimal to ootal
O o:vc:t ccciual .! to octal
O :.!

:!!

lc:c t|c civisio: is co:c |v t|c

ccsi:cc |asc t|at is
Conversion of a deoimal fraotion into
binarv
O convert (0.o81sj
10
to binary.
O li:st .o. is uultilicc |v ! to -ivc a: i:tc-c: a:c i:actio:.
O I|c :cw i:actio: is a-ai: uultilicc |v ! to -ivc a :cw i:tc-c: a:c a i:actio:
O I|is :occss co:ti:ucc u:til i:actio: |ccoucs zc:o.
Conversion of deoimal fraotion to ootal
Conversion of deoimal number with both
inteeer and fraotion part
O I|is is co:c |v co:vc:ti:- sca:atclv |ot| i:tc-c: a:c i:actio:
a:t a:c t|c: cou|i:i:- t|c a:swc:s to-ct|c:
Conversion between in/0ot/ex
O :icc siulc wavs to co:vc:t |ctwcc: t|csc t|:cc :uu|c:
svstcus. si:cc all a:c a owc: oi !
O li:a:v to ctal siulv :cqui:cs -:oui:- |its i:to -:ous oi !
|its a:c co:vc:ti:-
O li:a:v to lcx siulv :cqui:cs -:oui:- |its i:to -:ous oi +|its
a:c co:vc:ti:-
O Goi:- t|c ot|c: ci:cctio: :ctal to li:a:v o: lcx to li:a:v
s|oulc iollow.
Contd.
O . i: octal a:c |cx
Contd.
Complements
O l: couutc:s. t|c :c:csc:tatio: a:c ua:iulatio: oi vc
:uu|c:s is oitc: c:io:ucc usi:- ..o/..-
O oulcuc:ts io: a :acix couc i: two io:us
O k`s coulcuc:t :kacix coulcuc:t
O ::`s coulcuc:t :Diui:is|cc :acix coulcuc:t
O lo: |i:a:v svstcu !`s coulcuc:t. `s coulcuc:t
r's oomplement
O Givc: a vc :uu|c: : .| - 1.o.
: :a
:
a
:!
...a

:`s coulcuc:t is ccii:cc as r

n
- N io: : = zc:o ot|c:wisc
O lxaulcs `s coulcuc:t
O :!!

.
!! o!!
O :.!!+.

.!!+. .o..
O lxaulcs !`s coulcuc:t
O :
!
!
o

O(0.0110j
2
= 2
0
- 0.0110 = 0.1010
(r-1)'s oomplement
O iven a ve number N with n digit integer part & m digit
Iractional part
N (a
n-1
a
n-2
...a
0
..a
-1
a
-2
..a
-m
)
(r-1)`s complement is deIined as 7
3
7
2

O amples 9`s complement
O (37218)
10
10
5
1 - 37218 62781
O (0.12345)
10
10
0
10
-5
- 0.12345 0.87654
O amples 1`s complement
O (101110)
2
= 2
6
- 2
0
- 101110 = 111111 -101110 =
010001
O (0.0110)
2
2
0
2
-4
- 0.0110 0.1111 0.0110 0.1001
lnterestine laots
O I|c coulcuc:t oi a coulcuc:t :ctu::s t|c o:i-i:al
:uu|c:
O i:cc wc wo:| wit| |i:a:v :uu|c:s a lot i: ci-ital svstcus.
it is :callv wo:t| :ot|i:- t|at.
O 1he 1's compiement o a number is obtained by
iipping bits
O 1he 2's compiement o a number is obtained by
iipping bits and adding 1
3ubtraotion with r's oomplement
O u|t:actio: oi ositivc :uu|c:s :\:. |ot| oi |asc :. is
co:c li|c as iollows
. Acc t|c ui:uc:c \ to t|c :`s coulcuc:t oi t|c
su|t:a|c:c
!. l:scct t|c :csult o|tai:cc i: stc io: a: c:c ca::v
. li a: c:c ca::v occu:s. cisca:c it
!. !. li a: c:c ca::v cocs :ot occu:. ta|c t|c li a: c:c ca::v cocs :ot occu:. ta|c t|c :`s :`s coulcuc:t oi coulcuc:t oi
t|c :uu|c: o|tai:cc i: stc a:c lacc a :c-ativc si-: i: t|c :uu|c: o|tai:cc i: stc a:c lacc a :c-ativc si-: i:
i:o:t i:o:t
Lxample
Lxample
(r-1)'s oomplement
O Acc t|c ui:uc:c \ to ::`s coulcuc:t oi t|c su|t:a|c:c
:
O l:scct t|c :csult o|tai:cc i: stc io: a: c:c ca::v
O li a: c:c ca::v occu:s. acc to t|c lcast si-:iiica:t ci-it : c:c
a:ou:c ca::v
O li a: c:c ca::v cocs :ot occu: ta|c ::`s coulcuc:t oi t|c
:uu|c: o|tai:cc i: stc a:c lacc a :c-ativc si-: i: i:o:t
inarv Codes
O llcct:o:ic ci-ital svstcus usc si-:als t|at |avc two cisti:ct
valucs a:c ci:cuits t|at |avc two sta|lc statcs.
O l: accitio: to |i:a:v :uu|c:s. ci-ital svstcus :c:csc:ts a:c
ua:iulatc ot|c: cisc:ctc clcuc:ts oi i:io:uatio:
O A: cisc:ctc clcuc:t oi i:io:uatio: cisti:ct auo:- -:ou oi
qua:titics ca: |c :c:csc:tcc |v |i:a:v cocc.
O l: o:cc: to :c:csc:t !
:
cisti:ct clcuc:ts i: a |i:a:v cocc wc
:ccc a ui:iuuu oi : |its :|i:a:v ci-its
O A -:ou oi + cisti:ct qua:titics ca: |c :c:csc:tcc |v two |it
|i:a:v cocc
O A -:ou oi cisti:ct qua:titics ca: |c :c:csc:tcc |v t|:cc
|it |i:a:v cocc
O A -:ou oi cisti:ct qua:titics ca: |c :c:csc:tcc |v iou:
|it |i:a:v cocc
inimum number o bits required to code
2
n
distinct quantities is n.
inimum number o bits required to code
2
n
distinct quantities is n.
Ueoimal oodes
Lrror-Ueteotion Codes
O li:a:v si-:als uav c|a:-c cu:i:- t|c t:asuissio: i:ou sc:cc: to
:cccivc:.
O A:v cxtc::al :oisc i:t:ocuccc i: |vsical couuu:icatio: ucciuu
c|a:-cs valucs i:ou to a:c vicc vc:sa.
O l::o: cctcctio: coccs uscc to cctcct c::o:s cu:i:- t|c
t:a:suissio:
O la:itv |it is a: cxt:a |it i:cluccc i: a ucssa-c to ua|c t|c total
:uu|c:s oi `s cit|c: occ o: cvc:
O la:itv is -c:c:atcc at t|c sc:cc: sicc a:c t|c :cccivcc si-:al at t|c
ccsti:atio: u:cc:-ocs a:itv c|cc| t|c :oc: a:itv acotcc.
O A: c::o: is -c:c:atcc ii c|cc|cc a:itv cocs:`t uatc| wit|
acotcc o:c.
Refleoted Code
Alphanumerio Codes
Reeisters
O li:a:v ccll is a ccvicc t|at sto:cs two ossi|lc statcs a:c is
caa|lc oi sto:i:- o:c |it.
O kc-istc: is -:ou oi |i:a:v cclls
O I|c statc oi :c-istc: is :tulc :uu|c: oi `s a:c `s wit|
cac| |it ccsi-:ati:- t|c statc oi o:c ccll i: t|c :c-istc:.
O A : |it :c-istc: ca: sto:c a:v |i:a:v :uu|c: i:ou to !
:
:
i.c. !
:
cou|i:atio:s
Reeister 1ransfer
inarv Loeio
O li:a:v lo-ic ccals wit| va:ia|lcs t|at ta|c o: two cisc:ctc valucs a:c oc:atio:s
t|at assuuc lo-ical uca:i:-.
O lo-ic -atcs. clcct:o:ic ci:cuits t|at oc:atc o: o:c o: uo:c i:ut si-:als to
:ocucc a: outut si-:al.
3witohine Cirouits and inarv 3ienals
Lleotrio 3ienals
Loeio 0ates
l/0 3ienals for loeio eates
lnteerated Cirouit (lC)
O A: l is a suall silico: scuico:cucto: c:vstal callcc a c|i.
co:tai:i:- clcct:ical couo:c:ts suc| as t:a:sisto:s. cioccs.
:csisto:s a:c caacito:s.
O Di-ital i:cuits a:c co:st:uctcc wit| i:tc-:atcc ci:cuits.
O Iwo tvcs oi ac|a-cs
O llat ac|a-c
O Duali:li:c :Dll ac|a-c
O l a:c suall. low i: cost. I|cv |avc :ccuccc owc:
co:suutio:. :clia|ilitv a-ai:st iailu:c a:c |i-|c: oc:ati:-
sccc
O Diiic:c:t tvcs oi i:tc-:atio: ccviccs ccc:ci:- uo:
:uu|c: oi i:tc::al -atcs
O uallscalc l:tc-:atio: :l ccvicc
O \cciuuscalc l:tc-:atio: :\l ccvicc
O la:-cscalc l:tc-:atio: :ll ccvicc
O Vc:vla:-cscalc l:tc-:atio: :Vll ccvicc