Pollutant

Pollutant Emissions
Emissions
From
From Combustion
Combustion
Process
Process
By:
Mir Shah Nawaz (10CH07)
 What are Emissions?
• The term used to describe gases and
particles which are put into the air or
emitted by various sources.
• The amount and types of emission changes
every year. These changes are caused by
changes in the nation’s economy, industrial
activity, technology improvement, traffic,
and by many other factors.
 Mortality rate

• Air pollution causes the death of

more than 22,000 adults and 700
children in Pakistan every year in
addition to a loss of Rs 365 billion to
the country’s economy annually.
 What makes up Emissions?

• These are the criterias for air

pollutants:
– Carbon monoxide (CO)
– Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
– Volatile organic compounds (VOC)
– Sulfur dioxide (SO)
– Particular matter (PM)
 The 2 major sources of
emission?

• Carbon monoxide (CO)

• Nitrogen oxide (NOx)
 How YOUR car
contributes to emission?
• On-road vehicles are major contributor of
nitrogen oxide, it accounts for 31% of
total national emissions.
• On-road vehicles are major contributors to
carbon monoxide emissions, representing
57% of total national CO emission.
 What are the effects of
CO (carbon monoxide)
• Carbon monoxide (CO), enters the bloodstream
and reduces the delivery of oxygen to the body’s
organ and tissues.
• Exposure to elevated levels of CO is associated
with:
– chest pain
– vision problems
– damage to nerves
– Learning ability
– Prolong exposure can lead to death
 Carbon monoxide, CO

C + ½O2 CO

CO is minimized by control of the

combustion process (air/fuel ratio,
residence time, temperature or
turbulence).
NITROGEN OXIDE AND
NITROGEN DIOXIDE
• Both are produced when fuel (gas,
kerosene) is burned, especially in power
plants and motor vehicles. These oxides
help ozone formation, and are a health
problem themselves too.
• This gas changes in the atmosphere to
form acidic particles and liquid nitric acid,
and a reddish-brown layer can be seen over
urban areas where it forms.
 What are the effects of
nitrogen oxide (NOx)?
• NO, is the principle oxide of nitrogen produced in
combustion processes; it is readily oxidized in the
atmosphere to nitrogen dioxide, and are collectively
referred to as NOx
• NOx leads to:
– Excess nutrient enrichment problems
– Adverse affects on water quality and aquatic environment
• Nitrogen oxide (NO), can:
– Irritate lungs
– Lower resistance to respiratory infection (such influenza)
– Contribute to pollutant haze, which impairs visibility and can
reduce residential property values and revenues from tourism.
 NOx Reduction

• Combustion controls:
• Modification of combustion
configuration:
• Reburning
• Staged Combustion (air/fuel)
• Post combustion controls:
• Injection of reduction agents in flue gas.
• Post-combustion denitrification
processes.