Viruses

History
 Iwanowski (1892)  Walter Reed (1901)
 Discovered viruses  Yellow fever

 Beijerinck (1898)  Twort & d’Herrelle

 Demonstrated potency of
viruses
(1915)
 Discovered
bacteriophage
 Frosh & Loefller (1898)
 Foot & mouth disease
Viral Size

 10 nm - 500 nm
Viral Structure
 Capsids
 Composed of protein
subunits called
capsomeres.

 Functions
 Protective
 Recognition/attachment
to host cells
 Introduction of nucleic
acid into host cell
Envelopes
 Composition
 Lipids from host cell
membrane
 Proteins
 Glycoproteins

 Function
 Camouflage?
 Recognition/attachment
to host cell
 Genome
 RNA or DNA ds DNA ss DNA

 Double or single-
stranded
ss RNA ds RNA
 Segmented or nonsegmented segmented

nonsegmented
Viral Shape

Helical

Isometric
(cubic)
Viral Shape
Complex
Classification of Viruses
 Host range
 Very specific

 Enveloped or nonenveloped

 Type of nucleic acid

 Shape
Bacteriophage
 Viruses that infect bacteria.
Types of Bacteriophage
 Virulent
 Lytic multiplication cycle

 Temperate
 Lysogenic multiplication cycle
Bacteriophage
E. coli host bacillus Lytic Cycle

Adsorption
 Bacteriophage
E. coli host bacillus Lytic Cycle

Bacterial Viral
DNA DNA Adsorption

Penetration
 Bacteriophage
E. coli host bacillus Lytic Cycle

Bacterial Viral
DNA DNA Adsorption

Penetration

Lytic
phase

Duplication of phage components;

replication of virus
genetic material
 Bacteriophage
E. coli host bacillus Lytic Cycle

Bacterial Viral
DNA DNA Adsorption

Penetration

Lytic
phase

Ec
lip
se
ph
as
Duplication of phage components; e
replication of virus
genetic material

Assembly of
new virions
 Bacteriophage
E. coli host bacillus Lytic Cycle

Bacterial Viral
DNA DNA Adsorption

Penetration

Lytic
phase

Ec
lip
se
ph
as
Duplication of phage components; e Maturation
replication of virus
genetic material

Assembly of
new virions
 E. coli host bacillus Lytic Cycle
Bacteriophage
Release of viruses

Bacterial Viral
DNA DNA Adsorption
Vi
rio
n
ph
as
e
Penetration Lysis of weakened cell

Lytic
phase

Ec
lip
se
ph
as
Duplication of phage components; e Maturation
replication of virus
genetic material

Assembly of
new virions
Lysis

Burst size
http://www.oranim.ac.il/courses/microbiology/phagelab.htm
Lysogenic Cycle

lysogen
Lysogenic State

Prophage
 Lysogenic Conversion

Phage encoded
Bacterium Disease
property
Corynebacterium
diphtheriae Diphtheria Diphtheria toxin

Clostridium
botulinum Botulism Botulinum toxin

Streptococcus
pyogenes Scarlet fever Erythrogenic toxin
 Propagation of Bacteriophage
Infect bacteria Mix with molten Plate
soft agar

plaque
Determining  Titer

http://www.slic2.wsu.edu:82/hurlbert/micro101/pages/Chap9.html
 Animal Viruses

Orfvirus Ebola virus Vaccinia virus

Animal Viruses

 3 orders (-virales)
 21 families (-viridae)
 14 RNA virus families
 7 DNA virus families

 Families divided into genera (-virus)

 Multiplication Cycle of An
Animal Virus

1. Attachment
Glycoprotein spikes
bind to receptors on
host cell surface
Attachment

QuickTime™ and a
Sorenson Video decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Multiplication Cycle: Entry I
2. Entry (Endocytosis)
Multiplication Cycle: Entry II
2. Entry
(Fusion of cell membrane with viral envelope)
 Multiplication Cycle

3. Uncoating
Nucleic acid is released
from nucleocapsid
 Multiplication Cycle
4. Replication of Nucleic Acids & Proteins
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Viral proteins

A. DNA enters nucleus. Cytoplasm Viral DNA

A
C
Nuclear pore
B. DNA is transcribed.
B

C. RNA is exported to D Viral mRNA

cytoplasm & translated.

Nucleus

D. DNA is replicated in
nucleus.
Replicated
viral DNA Mature
virus
E. Viral DNA inserted into E Host DNA

host genome.
 Multiplication Cycle
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Viral proteins

Cytoplasm Viral DNA

Nuclear pore

5. Maturation/Assembly
 New nucleocapsids self- Viral mRNA

assemble Nucleus

Replicated
viral DNA Mature
virus
Host DNA
Multiplication Cycle
6. Release of virus
 Life Cycle of Retrovirus
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Virus

A. Penetration & uncoating of (+) A

viral RNA. Viral

RNA
(+) B

B. Translation of + RNA.
(+)
C
(–)

C. Synthesis of - RNA to D Viral

serve as template for (+)

proteins

(+) E
synthesis of new + RNA. (+)
(+)
Capsid

D. Synthesis of + RNA. Cytoplasm

E. Assembly of new virus Nucleus

particles.
Damage to Host
 Cytopathic effects
 Syncytia
 Inclusion bodies
 Outcomes of
Animal Virus Infections
 Acute Infection
 Persistent Infection
 Late complications following an acute infection
 Latent infection
 Chronic infection
 Slow infection
 Cell Transformation
Acute Infections
 Short duration
 Host normally develops long-lasting immunity

Nester et al (2007) Microbiology: A Human Perspective, 5th ed.,

McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, p. 342
Persistent Infections

Nester et al (2007) Microbiology: A Human Perspective, 5th ed.,

McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, p. 348
Persistent Infections

Nester et al (2007) Microbiology: A Human Perspective, 5th ed.,

McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, p. 348
Transformation of Host Cells
Viral Host Range
 Usually very narrow

 Can be broadened
 Phenotypic mixing
 Genetic Reassortment
 Phenotypic Mixing

 Viruses switch
protein coats.
Genetic Reassortment
 Occurs in viruses with segmented genomes.
 Leads to antigenic shift.
 Propagation of Animal Viruses

 Must have living cells

 Cell/tissue culture
 Embryonated chicken
eggs
 Live animals
Cell/Tissue Culture

 Primary culture
 Tissue prepared
directly from animal.
 “normal” cells

 Tumor cell lines

 Immortal cell lines
 Embryonated Chicken Eggs

 Signs of viral propagation

 Death of embryo

 Pocks on membranes
 Quantitation of Animal Viruses
 Plaque assay
 Microscopic assay

Nester et al (2007) Microbiology: A Human Perspective, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, p. 357
 ID50 or LD50 assay
 Dilution at which 50% of
inoculated host cells are
QuickTime™ and a
infected or killed.
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

 Hemagglutination assay
 Useful for titering flu virus
http://homepage.usask.ca/~vim458/virology/stud2006/k9flu/
hemagglutination_assay.jpg

+ hemagglutination
- hemagglutination
Plant Viruses

Wheat mosaic virus

Tobacco mosaic virus

 Spread of Plant Viruses

 Enter via wound or

insect bite.

Spread from cell to

Copyright © Mayang Murni Adnin, 2001-2005.


cell through
plasmodesmata.
 Prions
 Discovered by Stanly
Prusiner in 1982
 1997 Nobel Prize in Medicine

 Infectious proteins that attack

animals.

 Causes transmissible
spongiform encephalopathies
(TSE).
 Spongiform Encephalopathies
 Humans
 Kuru
 Creutzfeldt-Jakob
 Gerstmann-Sträussler

 Sheep QuickTime™ and a

TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

 Scrapie

 Cows
 Mad cow disease
http://pathy.fujita-hu.ac.jp/~tsutsumi/photo/photo112-3.htm

 Deer and Elk

 Chronic wasting disease
 Viroids

 Infectious RNA that

attacks plants.
http://www.dpvweb.net/dpv/showfig.php?dpvno=362&figno=02

 Catalyze hydrolysis
of RNA.

http://www.kcom.edu/faculty/chamberlain/Website/Lects/Prions.htm
Take Care