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Chapter Objective:
• Differentiate between international bank and domestic
bank operations and examine the differences of various
international banking offices.
Chapter Outline
International Banking Services
Types of International Banking Offices
Capital Adequacy Standards
International Money Market
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International Banking Services
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World’s 10 Largest Banks
Citigroup U.S.
Mizuho Bank/ Mizuho Corp Bank Japan
HSBC Holdings U.K.
Bank of America U.S.
JP Morgan Chase U.S.
Deutsche Bank Germany
Royal Bank of Scotland Group U.K.
Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Group Japan
HypoVereinsbank Germany
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Types of International
Banking Offices
1. Correspondent bank
Banks located in different countries establish accounts
in other bank
Provides a means for a bank’s MNC clients to conduct
business worldwide through his local bank or its
contacts.
Provides income for large banks
Smaller foreign banks that want to do business ,say in the
U.S., will enter into a correspondent relationship with a
large U.S. bank for a fee
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Types of International
Banking Offices
2. Representative office
A small service facility staffed by parent bank personnel
that is designed to assist MNC clients of the parent bank in
dealings with the bank’s correspondents.
No traditional credit services provided
Reps looks for foreign market opportunities and serves as a liaison
between parent and clients
Useful in newly emerging markets
Representative offices also assist with information about
local business customs, and credit evaluation of the MNC’s
local customers.
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Types of International
Banking Offices
3. Foreign Branch
A foreign branch bank operates like a local bank, but is
legally part of the parent.
Subject to both the banking regulations of home country
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Types of International
Banking Offices
4. Subsidiary and Affiliate Bank
A subsidiary bank is a locally incorporated bank that is
either wholly owned or owned in major part by a foreign
parents.
An affiliate bank is one that is only partially owned, but not
controlled by its foreign parent.
Both subsidiary and affiliate banks operate under the
banking laws of the country in which they are incorporated.
They are allowed to underwrite securities.
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Types of International
Banking Offices
5. Offshore Banking Center
A country whose banking system is organized to permit external
accounts beyond the normal scope of local economic activity.
The host country usually grants complete freedom from host-
country governmental banking regulations.
Banks operate as branches or subsidiaries of the parent bank
Primary credit services provided in currency other than host country
currency
Reasons for offshore banks
Low or no taxes, services provided for nonresident clients, few or no FX
controls, legal regime that upholds bank secrecy
The IMF recognizes the Bahamas, Bahrain, the Cayman Islands,
Hong Kong, the Netherlands Antilles, Panama, Singapore as
major offshore banking centers
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Capital Adequacy Standards
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Basle Accord I: minimum bank capital
adequacy ratio (rules-based)
Banks involved in cross-border transactions.
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Basle Accord I:
Risk-focused Cap. adequacy
VAR = (PV)()(Z.01)(D1/2)
PV = portfolio value;
= standard deviation of return(daily);
Z.01 = standard normal value for 1-tail confidence interval;
D = days
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International Money Market
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Eurocurrency Market
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Eurocurrency Market
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Eurocommercial Paper
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International Debt Crisis
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Debt-for-Equity Swaps
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Debt-for-Equity Swap
Illustration
International
Bank
Sell $100m
$60m LDC debt at
$80m in
LDC firm or Equity 60% of face
local
MNC currency Investor or
subsidiary MNC
Redeem LDC
$80m in local
debt at 80% of
currency
LDC Central face in local
Bank currency
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Japanese Banking Crisis
The history of the Japanese banking crisis is a result of a complex
combination of events and the structure of the Japanese financial system.
Japanese commercial banks have historically served as the financing arm
and center of a collaborative group know as keiretsu.
Keiretsu members have cross-holdings of an another’s equity and ties of
trade and credit.
The collapse of the Japanese stock market set in motion a downward spiral
for the entire Japanese economy and in particular Japanese banks.
This put in jeopardy massive amounts of bank loans to corporations.
It is unlikely that the Japanese banking crisis will be rectified anytime soon.
The Japanese financial system does not have a legal infrastructure that allows
for restructuring of bad bank loans.
Japanese bank managers have little incentive to change because of the Keiretsu
structure.
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The Asian Crisis
This crisis followed a period of economic expansion in the region
financed by record private capital inflows.
Bankers from the G-10 countries actively sought to finance the
growth opportunities in Asia by providing businesses with a full
range of products and services.
This led to domestic price bubbles in East Asia, particularly in
real estate.
Additionally, the close interrelationships common among
commercial firms and financial institutions in Asia resulted in
poor investment decision making.
The Asian crisis is only the latest example of banks making a
multitude of poor loans—spurred on no doubt by competition
from other banks to make loans in the “hot” region.
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