Documentos de Académico
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°. theory prevailed in ancient times and civilizations, where rulers were believed to be created from a component that is
higher than that of humans. Muslims' disbelief in this theory resulted in the possibility of bringing a ruler to account
when he commits a mistake. Muslims do not deify their rulers. They fear only from Allah (be He Exalted), the absolute
ruler who enacted legislation and laws for people. His creatures should follow His orders and implement His revealed
legislation. In this one feels personal dignity, and that he is not subjugated to any of Allah's creatures. Thereby, he works
and thinks freely, seeking to satisfy his Lord by doing good and avoiding evil. Every verse of the Qur'an calls for
monotheism. Allah Almighty says:
[Fatir:
2. no one belongs to a high class, while another belongs to a lower class; there is no human or clerical mediation. All
people were created by one god, who they worship. All people are equal like the teeth of a comb, not divided according
to their color, nation or others, but according to faith and piety, hence raising the status of man and liberating him from
the dominion of others. The Prophet (peace be upon him) announced this superior principle in his farewell address:
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3. the elimination of all manifestations of idolatry, whether in its old form, which means statues and idols, or in its modern
form, which means deification of the ruling state and worship of persons. Therefore, people of this civilization are not
subjugated to any of Allah's creatures. Rather, they devote their worship and slavery to Allah (be He Exalted).
4. How humans came into being, the universe creation, meaning what was the purpose and what is its fate, how everyone
of us are accountable for everything and anything that we do on the day of resurrection causing us to understand what
we do and creating the sense understanding in the life
5.
For the first time in human history, Muslims adopted the principle of openness to other
civilizations and borrowing from the efforts of ancients. The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon
him) advocated the approach of openness, and he had an unbigoted view. This was reflected
clearly on the history of Muslims thereafter. When Muslims left their Arabian peninsula to
spread the message of Islam, which they were authorized to spread in the east and west, they
came across various civilizations. They did not hush up or destroy these civilizations. Rather, they
were interested in studying them and benefiting from them. They took from these civilizations
what benefited them and what was approved by their religion at a time when Greek civilization
addressed its people only and took from nobody but its scholars as was the case in the Persian,
Indian and Chinese civilizations. Perhaps this was kept until recently in some of these
civilizations, such as the Chinese and Indian civilizations.
The peoples of the world who embraced Islam were an important factor that
enriched the human civilization, openness to the cultures of previous nations and
taking advantage of them were also of the most important fundamentals of the
Islamic civilization and a factor of its development.
Sa'd ibn Abu Waqas narrated: I suffered from an illness. The Messenger of Allah
(peace be upon him) came to pay a visit to me. He put his hand between my chest
and I felt its coolness at my heart. He said:
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Islam establishes its noble civilization on the methods
of science, knowledge, reason, research, experiment and induction. Islam appreciates the
vitality of science in building the state and society. In this regard, Islam praises science and
scientists in various fields. These fields include every understanding that helps man accomplish
his mission in life, namely reconstructing the earth and taking advantage of its wealth and
treasures. Perhaps Muslims͛ contributions and innovations in life sciences, presented earlier, are the best expression of this combination.
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Islam did not ask a Muslim to be a monk in a monastery, or a worshiper in an isolated place,
praying all night and fasting during the daytime, with no chance or luck in life. Rather, Islam
asked a Muslim to work in this world, reconstruct it, and seek livelihood in it. Thus, sons of the
Islamic civilization work for this world and the hereafter as well, seeking good and happiness in
both.
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mne of the features of balance that characterized the Islamic
civilization is the combination of idealism and realism in a perfect and wonderful form. Islam is an ideal and
realistic religion at the same time. It always seeks perfection and ideals for its followers, but it urges them to
do everything they could and does not place much burden on people. Therefore, it was difficult to separate
idealism from realism in Islam. Both are an integrated piece of legislation for human beings, leading them to
good, and showing them the rules of conduct and transactions. As far as idealism is concerned, the Islamic
civilization is keen to enable man to reach the highest possible level easily, comfortably and tranquilly. In
realism, Islamic civilization takes into account the condition and nature of man, the limits of his capacity, the
nature of his composition, and the reality of his life. Imaginary idealism has no existence but in the world of
dreams
Striking a balance between idealism and realism, Islam has made a minimum level of perfection that should
not be exceeded, as this level is necessary to form the character of a Muslim reasonably, and this is the least
for a Muslim to be considered as Muslim. This level was set in a way that enables the people less willing to
do good, keep away from evil to reach it. This level consists of obligatory duties and forbidden taboos.
Reaching this high level needs great efforts that not all people can exert. It has to do with special talents and
special willingness that a few people have. So, Islam does not impose this ideal level on everyone, but it
draws it for them
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1 [Al-Baqarah].
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The Islamic civilization believes that every right of an individual or
a group is a duty on others. The rights of the governed are duties of rulers; the rights of tenants are duties of
owners; the rights of children are duties of parents, and so on. Through performing duties, rights are
preserved. Islam tended to strike a balance between rights and duties of individuals and groups in order to
make a balance between individualism and social interest. Man is not an independent unity of life that is
isolated from the rest of society. Rather, man must live within the circle of society, share benefits and
interests, and establish relationships.
The Islamic civilization was then the outcome of the various Muslim peoples, including the
peoples of Persia, Roman Empire, Greece, India, Turkey, and Andalusia. All these nations
accepted Islam and formed the powerful source of this gigantic civilization, increasing the
effective role of its heritage, civilization, and wide history all over the world of this civilization.
Islam declared clearly and explicitly the union of humankind of all nations
regarding the human rights, goodness, and dignity. In pursuit of achieving
these objectives and in the wake of the Islamic conquests, Islam absorbed
various nations involving several races and different peoples. Each of them
had its heritage and voluminous cultural and scientific experience. This
contributed to the emergence of a unique civilization with variety of talents
and natural and human powers. It was the Islamic civilization that composed
the contributions of different nations. This variety of Muslim nations was then
seen as a resource of enriching the Islamic civilization and an essential
component of its rise.
When Persia was conquered, the Persian mixed with Muslims and knew so much about the
merits and tolerance of Islam; it is the religion of fraternity, equality, mutual affection and
kindness, love and altruism. They accepted Islam in unison and endeavored to learn Arabic, the
language of the new religion, which they loved and accepted, to help them understand and
reflect upon it.
Their love of the faith of Islam and its language was the cause of their care for them. No sooner
had they converted to Islam than they contributed to the scientific and writing movement to the
extent that they proved talented in these fields. The Islamic civilization then had many
significant benefits as a result:
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