m


Ê


 is the science dealing with human nature,function &
phenomenon of his soul in the main.´

 Ê


 is the science that deals with the mental power or an interaction
between the conscious & subconscious element in a child ³
 

 An effective state of consciousness in which joy, sorrow,fear,hate
or the likes are expressed´
 A feeling or mood manifesting in to motor / glandular activity.
 M
ANCE  CHM

 CH

0 o understand the child better
0 o know the problem of psychological origin
0 o deliver dental services in a meaningful & effective
manner
0 o establish effective communication with the child & the
parent
0 o gain confident of the child & of the parent.
0 o teach the child & parents importance of primary &
preventive care .
0 o produce comfortable environment for the dental team
   

m


GÊ

 
  

sychosexual theory ±reud
-
sychosocial theory ± Eric Erickson
- Cognitive theory ±
iaget
G Œ  
 
 Hierarchy of needs ± aslow
-ocial learning theory ± Bandura
- Classical conditioning ±
avlov
- perant conditioning ± kinner
 
 
 




 !
"

he first formal theory of personality to have

marked impact on psychology & psychiatry was
that of 




his
his concept of
personality was based on the interaction
between three systems within each individual.He
called these systems as
0 M
0 E

0 
E E

M it is the basic structure of personality.
G Ms present at birth.
G Mmpulse ridden & strives for immediate pleasure &
gratification (pleasure principle)

E
 it develops in 2nd -6th month of life when the infant
begins to distinguish between itself &the outside world.
0 Mt is the mediation
between id & super ego.
0 Ego is governed by reality
principle. Mt is concerned
with memory & judgment

E E

0 it is the prohibition
learned from environment
more from parents &
authorities)
0 
G oung boys have a
natural tendency to be
attached to the mother &
they consider their father
as their enemy .
G Hence they strive to
imitate their father to gain
the affection of the
mother.
0 
oung girls develop
an attraction towards
their father & they
resent the mother
being close to the
father
E  A
E  EVE
EN

0 BMH
0 A A
E
0 ANA A
E
0 EHA A
E
0
HAMC A
E
0
ENMA A
E
 BMH

G MNCMN
Ms the first experience to effect personality
development.
G CHAECEMMC
- Abrupt change at birth result in psycho physiological
emergency reactions (protective shell) similar to fear &
anxiety.
-the characteristics are observed in later life during
personality development & depend on child s
susceptibility during this period.
- if the neonate gets used to the stimuli he is no longer
anxious.
0 BJECMVE
BJECMVE hese
reactions help the child to
learn some adaptive
mechanism against
anxiety stimuli.
0
AH
 Neonates
who fail to adapt to abrupt
changes get startled
easily. this results in a
more protective
mechanism which is
maladaptive in later life.
 A A
E [birth
[birth--18months]

0 Birth ± 18 months.
G


 MnMn infants the oral cavity is the site for
identifying needs .it therefore serves as an erogenous
zone.
G 
 his
his is a dependent stage since the
infant is dependent on adults for getting his oral needs
fulfilled
G 
 atisfaction
atisfaction of oral desires egsuckling of
milk by mother ,help in development of trust.
- Mn later period of life results in successful achievements
of needs.
0 Ê !" Mf child s
needs are not
adequately met in this
stage the following
traits develop
 Excessive
optimism,narcissm,pe
ssimism, demanding
ness, envy, jealousy.
 ANA A
E(18 months-
months-3 yrs)

A

 maturation of neuromuscular
control occurs.
- control over sphincters
particularly anal sphincter
results in increased voluntary
activity.
A 
development of personal
autonomy & independence.
Child realizes his control over
his needs & practices it with a
sense of shame or self doubt.
A 
he child realizes the increasing voluntary control
,which provides him with the sense of independence &
autonomy.
A Ê !
Anal eroticism & defenses against it result fixation on
anal function .Mt is characterized by various abnormal
behaviuors likedisorderliness,abstinence,
stubbornness,willfulness,fragility.
 º  

A Mtis a transition between the anal stage &

phallic stage.
A he child derives pleasure from exercising
his control over the urinary sphincter.
A ense of independence & autonomy.
A oss of urethra control result in shame.
- competitiveness
-ambition.
 
  !"#

0 he stage begins 3 to 5th year of life .

0 Mt is characterized by 
-edipus complex
-Castration anxiety he 1st object of love for allof us is our mother.
he young boy however has a rival for his mother s love ;his father.
He also recognizes the difference between boys & girls;the
difference that he has a penis & girls do not. his is the beginning of
castration anxiety, A EA  MN
NE
ENM.
-
enis envy
-Electra complex
-nusual fantasies about opposite sex
0 he child realizes the sexual qualities without
embarrassment .esolution of the stage in regulation of
drive impulse.
0 Mf the above mentioned characteristics are not resolved
the balance between male & female roles dos not
develop.
  


0 esolution of any defects occurs in this phase. he

phase ends in puberty.
0 aturation of ego takes place
control over instinctual impulses
adapting to the adverse environment.
0
oal further development of personality.
- consolidation of sex roles occurs.
-these result in maturation of ego & mastery over skills.
0 ack of inner control / excessive inner control result in
pathological trait.
  

A
sychosexual development extends from 11 to 13 yrs to

young adulthood.
A ense of identity develops.
child has amatured personality
He can satisfy genital potency & realizes his goals for
reproduction & survival.
A atures the personality of the individual.
Helps to separate from the dependence on parents.
heir acceptance of adult role, functions with social
expectations & cultural values.
A nresolved traits from previous phases -modified form



m
†
AVV (1927) }
 earning thro association
0 Mvan
avlov was one of the first to study
conditioned reflexes experimentally.
0 he crucial element of conditioning is the relation
between the conditioned stimulus & the unconditioned
stimulus.
G Ê#      # 
$%  the
the process of conditioning is evoked
by a band of stimuli centered around a specific
conditioned stimulus.eg a child who has had a painful
experience with a doctor in a white coat always
associates any r in white coat with pain.
A & Mt results if the association between
conditioned & the unconditioned response is not
reinforced,egin the above mentioned eg.
ubsequent visits to the doctor without any
unpleasant experiences results in extinction of fear.
A ' is the opposite of
generalisation.Mf the child is exposed to clinic
settings which are different to those associated with
the painful experiences the child learn to
discriminate b/w the two clinics & even the
generalized response to any office will be
extinguished.