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Vulnerability Assessment for Soil Erosion Using Geospatial Techniques

A Geographic Study of Upper Catchment of Markanda River

Surjit Singh Saini Dr. S.P Kaushik


Research Scholar, Associate Professor,
Department of Geography, Department of Geography,
Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra University
Kurukshetra, Haryana Kurukshetra, Haryana

3rd International Geography Congress


06-08 May, 2011 Kozhikode, Kerala, India
Introduction
• Soil erosion hazard is a major land degradation problem in Shivalik region
of sub Himalayan mountainous environment. Singh et al. (1992) clearly
indicated that Shiwalik are comprised of sandstone, grit, and
conglomerates, with characters of fluvial deposits, but slopes near the
foothills contain pebbles and boulders and these formations are
geologically weak and unstable resultant these areas are highly vulnerable
to soil erosion.
• Singh et al. (1992) have estimated that the annual rate of soil erosion is more
than 15-20 tons /ha/year in Shiwalik region. Consequently, Shiwalik
environment considered most fragile ecosystem in the country
• In this study GIS and remote Sensing techniques is used to establish an
geospatial data base to characterize a watershed and evaluated vulnerability
to soil erosion using multi-criteria assessment based on weight assignment
to each factor responsible for soil erosion.
• The model located potential erosion areas which need control and
preventive measures according to the degree of erosion.
OBJECTIVES

I.To Identify vulnerable area to soil erosion based on


influencing factors such as rainfall, vegetation, soil type,
slope, drainage density, land use and aspect of slope
using GIS & Remote Sensing techniques.

II.To Prepare the composite map showing level of


vulnerability to soil erosion hazard.
Study Area

• The Upper Catchment of


Markanda River
• Part of Shivalik region of sub
Himalayan mountainous
environment
• Geographical Extent:
• 760 06′19” to 770 22′56”E
• 300 18′52” to 300 41′18”N

• Total area:593 km2


• 53% in Himachal
• 47% in Haryana
Database and Methodology
Remote Sensing Data Other Ancillary Maps & Data

TM Landsat imagery of year 2009, SOI-Toposheet on 50k scale District wise Report on
30 m resolution (path 147 and row Ground Water prepared by
039) http://ftp.glcf.umd.edu Contour CGWB

Georeference Satellite Imageries Digital Elevation Model


in Erdas Imagine 2010 (DEM)

Land Use Vegetation cover NDVI= Slope & Drainage Network Rainfall Soil Type
(NIR-VIS)/(NIR+VIS) Aspect & Density

Weight Assign to Parameters According to Relative Importance with Respect to their contribution
to Soil Erosion

Multi Criteria Evaluation using Rank Sum Methods and Weighted Overlay Analysis Using
Raster Calculator in ArcGIS 9.2

Delineation of Area Vulnerable to Soil Erosion


Factors & Weighting Scheme used for Assessment Area Vulnerable to Soil Erosion
Erosion Parameters Sub-class of Parameters Sub-Class Weightages Per cent of Influence
1.Rainfall More than – 1200 mm 3 25.0
1101 mm – 1200 mm 2
1000 mm – 1100 mm 1
2. Vegetation cover Very less vegetation 5 21.4
Less vegetation 4
Moderate vegetation 3
High vegetation 2
Very high vegetation 1
3. Soil Eurtrochrepts/ Udorthents (shallow & loamy) 3 17.9
Udipsamments/Udorthents (loamy sand to sandy loam 2
Udipsamments/Udorthents ( sandy loam to clayey loam) 1
4. Slope Very Steep (>40%) 5 14.3
Steep (30.1-40%) 4
Moderate (20.1-30%) 3
Gentle (10.1-20%) 2
Very Gentle (<10%) 1
5. Drainage Density >6 km/sq.km 5 10.7
5.1-6.0 km/sq.km 4
4.1-5.0 km/sq.km 3
2.1-4.0 km/sq.km 2
<2 km/sq.km 1
6.Landuse Agriculture 5 7.1
Sparse vegetation 4
Forest 3
Water bodies 2
Settlement 1
7. Aspect of Slope West direction 5 3.6
East direction 4
Flat 3
South direction 2
North direction 1
Analysis, Result and Discussion
Weight Calculation Using Rank Sum Method

Sr.no Parameter of Straight Weight Normalized Weight (%)


Criteria Rank (rj) (n-rj+1) Weight (wj)

1 Rainfall 1 7 0.25 25.0


2 Vegetation Cover 2 6 0.21 21.4
3 Soil 3 5 0.17 17.9
4 Slope 4 4 0.14 14.3
5 Drainage Density 5 3 0.10 10.7
6 Land use 6 2 0.07 7.1

7 Aspect of Slope 7 1 0.03 3.6

N=7  Sum   28 1.00 100

Where wj is the normalized weight for the jth criterion, n is the number of criteria under
consideration (j=1, 2… n), rj is the rank position of the criterion. Each criterion is weighted
(n-rj+1) and then normalized by the sum of weights, that is, Σ (n-rj+1).
Rainfall Factor
Vegetation Factor
. Soil erosion potential is increased if the soil has no
or very little vegetative cover of plants and/or crop
residues. Plant and residue cover protects the soil
from raindrop impact and splash, tends to slow down
the movement of surface runoff and allows excess
surface water to infiltrate.

Vegetation Categories Weight


Weight
Very Less Vegetation 15
Less Vegetation 24
Moderate Vegetation 33
High Vegetation 42
Very High Vegetation 51
Soil Factor
. Soils differ in their resistance to erosion, which
is a function of a range of soil properties such
as texture, structure, soil moisture, roughness,
and organic matter content. The susceptibility
of soil to erosion agents is generally referred to
as soil erodibility (Lal, 2001). Soil
classifications are often used to account for
spatial differences in erodibility. Important
factors on the basis of which soils can be
classified include soil properties, climate,
vegetation, topography, and lithology.

Soil Type Weight


Eurtrochrepts/ Udorthents 3
(shallow & loamy)

Udipsamments/Udorthents 2
(loamy sand to sandy loam
Udipsamments / Udorthents 1
(sandy loam to clayey loam)
DEM Slope Factor
.

Elevation
High : 1519

Low : 278
Slope (%) Weight
5 > 40 Very Steep
Very Steep >40 5
Slope affects soil erosion rates in several different ways. As slope
4 30.1 - 40 Steep
Steep 30.1-40 4
gradient increases, the impact angle of raindrops becomes more
3 20.1 - 30 Moderate
Moderate 20.1-30 3
acute. The amount of soil loss from erosion by waters with the
2 10.1 - 20 Gentle
steeper the slope. As a result of gravity, a greater proportion of the Gentle 10.1-20 2
1
mass and the momentum of the soil, water, and sediment particles
< 10 Very Gentle
Very Gentle <10 1
act in the down slope direction.
Weight Slope ( % ) Categories
Drainage Density

Drainage Density
( Km. / Sq.km )
Weight

> 6 6
5.1 - 6.0 5
4.1 - 5.0 4
3
2.1 - 4.0 2
< 2.0 1
Aspect of slope

Aspect of Slope Weight


West Direction 5
East Direction 4
Flat 3
South 2
North 1
Land Use

Land Use Classes Weight


Agriculture 5
Sparse Vegetation 4
Forest 3

Waterbodies 2

Settlement 1
Weighted Overlay Analysis using Raster Calculator in ArcGIS 9.2

Level of Vulnerability to
Soil Erosion

rainfall
vegetation
soils
slope
drainage density
land use
aspect

Calculation
Value
High : 360.60

Low : 125.00
Final Result
Re-classified Composite Map
Degree of Area % to total
Vulnerability to soil (Hectares)
Erosion

Very High 10904 18.39


High 13996 23.60
Medium 16061 27.09
Low 14399 24.28
Very Low 3939 6.64
Total 59299 100
During monsoon Rain water with High Turbidness,
Markanda Bridge at SH-1, Sadaura, Ambala
Conclusion
• This study demonstrates that geospatial techniques are indeed
valuable tools in assessment and mapping of areas vulnerable to
soil erosion hazard.
• Existing methods for identifying the erosion potential area is
based on physical survey but in practices when erosion problem
is very wide it is difficult task and time consuming. Therefore,
Geospatial techniques based spatial modeling (weighted overlay)
produce useful information for solving complex problems by
identifying relationship among various geographic features
clearly and logically.
• Such models based integrated maps are important in planning
conservation and control measures for soil erosion as per the
degree of vulnerability.
Thanks for your
kind attention

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