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Meenakshi Bohra
M.Sc Biotech(Prev.)
http://powerpointpresentationon.blogspot.com
Discovery of viruses
• In 1884 C. Chamberland, in
Pasteur's lab, discovered that if
you passed a liquid containing
bacteria through an unglazed
PORCELAIN tube, the bacteria
were COMPLETELY
RETAINED and the solution
that passed through (the
FILTRATE) was sterile.
• In1892 D. IWANOWSKI applied
this test to a filtrate of plants
suffering from TOBACCO
MOSAIC DISEASE with
shocking results; the filtrate Filtration of a mixture of bacteria and
was FULLY CAPABLE of viruses. If a mixture of viruses and bacteria are
producing the ORIGINAL filtered through a bacterial-proof filter (red), the
DISEASE in new hosts. viruses will pass through into the filtrate in the
flask. Filtered beer is produced by a similar
• When repeated, filtrations produced the same
results and nothing could be seen in the
filtrates using the most powerful microscopes,
nor could anything be cultivated from the
filtrates, Iwanowski and associates concluded
that they had discovered a new pathogenic
life-form which they called by the
unimaginative, but functional, name of
"FILTERABLE VIRUS".
“Viruses form the borderline between
living and non-living”.
• Most "plant" virologists, and those who
study bacteriophages consider them non-
living as they do not meet all the criteria of
the generally accepted definition of life.
Whereas most "animal" virologists consider
them as living because they have genes
and evolve by natural selection.
Structure
• A fully assembled infectious virus
is called a virion.
• The simplest virions consist of
two basic components: nucleic
acid (single- or double-stranded
RNA or DNA) and a protein coat,
the capsid, which functions as a
shell to protect the viral genome
from nucleases and which during
infection attaches the virion to
specific receptors exposed on the
prospective host cell.
Structure of bacteriophage virus
Structure
• Capsids are formed as single or
double protein shells and
consist of only one or a few
structural protein .Self assembly
of virus capsids follows two
basic patterns: helical
symmetry, in which the protein
subunits and the nucleic acid
are arranged in a helix, and
icosahedral symmetry, in which
the protein subunits assemble
into a symmetric shell that
covers the nucleic acid-
containing core. Structure of capsid
• Proteins associated with nucleic
acid are known as
nucleoproteins, and the
Classification
• They do not fit easily into any of the domains of
biological classification and therefore
classification begins at the family rank. However,
the domain name of Acytota (without cells) has
been suggested. This would place viruses on a
par with the other domains of Eubacteria,
Archaea, and Eukarya.
Classification
Baltimore classification
• Baltimore classification is a classification system which places
viruses into one of seven groups depending on a combination of
their nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), strandedness (single-stranded
or double-stranded), and method of replication.. Viruses can be
placed in one of the seven following groups:
• Group I: double-stranded DNA viruses
• Group II: single-stranded DNA viruses
• Group III: double-stranded RNA viruses
• Group IV: positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses
• Group V: negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses
• Group VI: reverse transcribing Diploid single-stranded RNA
viruses
• Group VII: reverse transcribing Circular double-stranded DNA
viruses
Baltimore classification
Group Contains
dsDNA viruses
1. I
for eg.Adenoviruses, Herpesviruses, Poxviruses
ssDNA viruses
2 II
(e.g. Parvoviruses)
dsRNA viruses
3 III
(e.g. Reoviruses)
(+)ssRNA viruses
4 IV
(e.g. Picornaviruses, Togaviruses)
(-)ssRNA viruses
5V
(e.g. Orthomyxoviruses, Rhabdoviruses)
ssRNA-RT viruses
6 VI
(e.g. Retroviruses)
dsDNA-RT viruses
7 VII
(e.g. Hepadnaviruses)