Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
&
Nuclear Energy
Group 4
Christine Marielle C. Apo
Anna Marie P. Bautista
Marianne N. Comeda
Crystal Gail T. De Ello
Rose Emilene A. Tena
BSA 2-6
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Radiant Energy
What is Radiant Energy?
Energy
refers to any that
formisoftransmitted in the energy
electromagnetic
form of “(electromagnetic)RADIATION”
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Reflection
- happens when light waves are neither transmitted
nor absorbed
Refraction
- the bending of light
Dispersion
- a process by which light is separated
in colors
Interference
- interaction between waves travelling
in the same medium
Constructive interference
Destructive interference
Diffraction
- spreading out of light when passes
through narrow slits or sharps edges
Scattering of Light
- as light moves through the atmosphere,
it bumps into bits of solid particles or gas
molecules and become s scattered in all
directions by either reflection or refraction
(Rayleigh scattering).
Spectra and Colors
Color of Objects
Color can be thought of as a psychological
and physiological response to light waves of a
specific frequency or set of frequencies
impinging upon the eye. The retina is lined
with a variety of light sensing cells known as
rods and cones.
RADIOWAVES
Radiowaves are the electromagnetic waves that
have the longest wavelengths and lowest frequencies.
It can travel through a vacuum. Most of the radio
waves we received have travelled through air.
Antennas pick up radiowaves and send them through
radio wires. The radio converts the electromagnetic
waves into sound of different frequencies.
MICROWAVES
The radiowaves with the shortest wavelengths and highest
frequencies are called microwaves. One of its most common uses is
that of the microwave ovens. Switching the microwave oven on, gives
off electromagnetic waves that bounds around inside the
oven,penetrating the food.
Microwaves are not easily blocked by structures such as trees,
buildings and mountains. For its reason, microwaves are used to
transmit cellular phone calls.
RADIO DETECTION AND RANGING (Radar)
Radar is used to locate objects. It sends out short pulses of
radiowaves that are reflected by the objects that they strike. A receiver
detects the reflected waves and measures the time it takes for them to
come back.
Radar is used to monitor airplanes landing and taking off at
airports. It is also used to locate ships at sea to track weather system. It
may also be used in sports events to measure a speed of a moving ball.
MAGNETIC RESONACE IMAGING (MRI)
It is a process wherein radiowaves are used in medicines to
produce pictures of tissues in the human body. The pictures show
clear images of muscles and other soft tissues that do not show up
on X-rays.
It is particularly useful in detecting brain and spine disorders.
X-RAYS
These are electromagnetic waves with very short wavelengths.
Their frequencies are just a little bit higher than the UV rays.
Because of their high frequencies, it can penetrate most matter.
Dense matter, such as bone and lead, absorbs x-rays and does not
allow them to pass through. For this reason, X-rays are used to make
images of bones inside the body. Too much exposure to x-ray can
cause cancer.
X-rays may also be used in industry and engineering to check
quality of joints in oil and gas pipelines.
GAMMA RAYS
They have the shortest wavelengths and highest
frequencies. Some radioactive substances and certain
nuclear reactions produce gamma rays. Because of
their great penetrating ability, it can cause serious
illness. However, gamma rays have some medical
uses. It can be used to kill cancer cells in radiation
therapy.
Some objects in space give off burst if gamma rays.
They travel billions of years before they reach Earth.
INFRARED RADIATION
It is also known as Heat rays. These have shorter
wavelengths and higher frequencies than radiowaves.
“Infra” is a Latin prefix meaning “below”, therefore;
Infrared means below red..
It can be detected using electric current produced by
electronic devices that amplify the current and measure it.
It can affect photographic emulsions sensitized to
infrared. Daytime infrared photographs are often used to
simulate moonlight effects.
The infrared lamp is a source of infrared radiation
widely applied in making automobile finishes, cooking,
drying, dehydrating, degreasing and preheating.
ULTRAVIOLET RAYS
These are electromagnetic waves with wavelength
shorter than those of visible light. “Ultra” is a Latin prefix
meaning “beyond” so ultraviolet means beyond violet.
Since they have higher frequencies, they can carry more
energy. UV energy is great enough to damage or kill living
cells, UV lamps are often used to kill bacteria on hospital
equipment and food processing plants.
It also causes the skin to produce Vitamin D for healthy
bones and teeth. UV lamps are used to treat jaundice ,a
condition of the liver that causes the yellowing of the skin
of the new born babies.
LUMINESCENCE
The process by which light is radiated by heated objects
such as the electric light filament, is called incandescence.
Light may also be produced by certain unheated objects
from other forms of energy. These process is called
Luminescence. It may be caused by electricity, chemical
changes, radioactivity, etc.
KRYPTON LIGHTS
These have been used in airports where they emit short
flashes of very intense fog-penetrating
Light of about 3.3 B candle power ten times bigger than the
sun.
SOURCES OF RADIATION
Electric are lights and mercury vapor lamps when used
with suitable filters to screen out non ultraviolet
wavelengths are the best sources of UV radiation.
APPLICATIONS OF UV RADIATION
Germ killing lamps employ wavelengths which are most
effective in killing bacteria, and which have wide
application in markets, hospitals, restaurants, dairies,etc.
UV radiation causes many dyes to fade and causes
textile to deteriorate. By combining ultraviolet radiation
with artificial rain, cooling and heating, we have
weatherometer, a device to speed up the measurement of
the effects of weather on materials.
FLUORESCENCE
-the emission of light by certain substances when they
are irradiated with electromagnetic wavelengths shorter
than those of visible light.
-produced by cathode rays, gamma rays and x-rays
FLUORESCENT LAMPS
-contain mercury vapor to produce UV radiation
The pigment of fluorescent in the lamp is caused to
glow by this UV radiation. They also contain a trace of
argon to serve as starter.
-are 200%-300% more efficient than incandescent
lamps because they do not waste so much energy in the
form of heat.
PHOSPORESCENCE
Two classes of phosphors are used for detecting and
monitoring nuclear radiation. The first, called Scintillation
Counter Crystals, emit UV radiation when exposed to
nuclear radiation. The second type of detector depends
upon radiophoto luminescence, in which a phosphor
exposed to x-rays and gamma rays.
Phosphors which are excited by fast moving electrons are
used in cathode ray tubes in electron microscopes,
oscilloscopes, radar, TV, and snooper scopes.
Phosphorescence maybe of very short duration or it may
last for as long as four years depending upon the phosphor
used.
nuclear reaction
Nuclear Energy
Changes
is the occur
process in in
which the
two
What is Nuclear Energy?
structure
nuclei or of the particles
nuclear nuclei
Energy
collide to created in
produce a
products
of atoms.
different from
nuclear the initial
reaction
particles.
How is Nuclear Energy Produced?
Naturally
Nuclear energy is produced in two
Man-Made
different ways:
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear Fusion
RADIOACTIVITY
Is the spontaneous breakdown of an unstable atomic nucleus
accompanied by the emission of particles and rays
DISCOVERY OF RADIOACTIVITY
• It was discovered by Henri Becquerel, a French scientist, in
1896.