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An Interactive Tutorial for SPSS 10.

0 for Windows©

Analysis of Covariance
(GLM Approach)

by
Julia Hartman
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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM):

Introduction

Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) is used:


• To assess the joint significance of predictors on a
continuous outcome (GLM approach)
• To generate prediction equations for various levels
of a categorical predictor (regression approach)

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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM):

Introduction

This tutorial uses the General Linear Model


(GLM) approach to ANCOVA to determine
whether MCAT scores are significantly different
among medical students who had different types
of undergraduate majors, when adjusted for year
of matriculation.

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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM):

Introduction
• Dependent variable
 nmtot1: MCAT total (most recent)
• Fixed factor
 bmaj2: Undergraduate major
1 = Biology/Chemistry
2 = Other science/health
3 = Other
• Covariate
 matyr: Year of matriculation
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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM):

Starting the Procedure

• In the menu, click


Analyze

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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM):

Starting the Procedure

• In the menu, click on


Analyze
• Point to
General Linear Model

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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM):

Starting the Procedure

• In the menu, click on


Analyze
• Point to
General Linear Model
• Point to Univariate…

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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM):

Starting the Procedure

• In the menu, click on


Analyze
• Point to
General Linear Model
• Point to Univariate…

… and click.
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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM):

Selecting Variables

Choose the variables for


analysis from the list in
the variable box.

For this tutorial,


begin by scrolling
down the variable list.

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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM):

Selecting Variables

Point to the variable


labeled Undergraduate
Major [bmaj2]

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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM):

Selecting Variables

Point to the variable


labeled Undergraduate
Major [bmaj2]

…and click.

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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM):

Selecting Variables

Move bmaj2, a
categorical variable, to
the box labeled
Fixed Factor(s) by
clicking the arrow.

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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM):

Selecting Variables

Scroll back up the list,

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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM):

Selecting Variables

Scroll back up the list,


point to the variable
nmtot1, which is
labeled MCAT TOTAL
1992-PRESENT, MOST
RECENT

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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM):

Selecting Variables

Scroll back up the list,


point to the variable
nmtot1, which is
labeled MCAT TOTAL
1992-PRESENT, MOST
RECENT
…and click.

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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM):

Selecting Variables

Move nmtot1, a
continuous variable,
to the box labeled
Dependent Variable
by clicking the
arrow.

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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM):

Selecting Variables

Scroll to the top of


the list

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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM):

Selecting Variables

Scroll to the top of the


list, and click the
variable matyr, which
is labeled
MATRICULATION DATE.

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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM):

Selecting Variables

Move matyr, another


continuous variable,
to the box labeled
Covariate(s) by
clicking the arrow.

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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM):

Profile Plots

Request profile plots


of estimated marginal
means by clicking the
button labeled
Plots…

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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM):

Profile Plots

This tutorial requests a


profile plot of
matyr*bmaj2.

Click matyr in the


Factors box.

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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM):

Profile Plots

Move matyr to the


Horizontal Axis box by
clicking the arrow.

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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM):

Profile Plots

Now click bmaj2 in


the Factors box …

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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM):

Profile Plots

and move it to the


Separate Lines box
by clicking the arrow.

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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM):

Profile Plots

Click the Add button


to request the plot.

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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM):

Profile Plots

Click the Continue


button.

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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM):

Post Hoc Multiple Comparisons

To request post hoc


tests for pairwise
multiple comparisons,
click the Post Hoc…
button.

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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM):

Post Hoc Multiple Comparisons

Comparisons are
available for the
categorical variable
bmaj2 only.

Click bmaj2 in the


Factor(s) box.

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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM):

Post Hoc Multiple Comparisons

Move bmaj2 to the


Post Hoc Tests for:
box by clicking the
arrow.

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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM):

Post Hoc Multiple Comparisons

Request multiple
comparison test(s)
by clicking in the
corresponding
checkbox.

For this tutorial,


click Bonferroni.

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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM):

Post Hoc Multiple Comparisons

In SPSS, you can


request as many
multiple comparison
tests as you want.

To continue the
tutorial, click the
Continue button.

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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM):

Optional Descriptive Statistics

To display estimated
marginal means,
parameter estimates, and
descriptive and diagnostic
statistics, or to change the
alpha level, click the
Options… button.

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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM):

Options: Estimated Marginal Means

You can request an


overall (grand) marginal
mean, as well as marginal
means for the factors and
the interaction(s).

For this tutorial, click


bmaj2.

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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM):

Options: Estimated Marginal Means

Click the arrow to


move bmaj2 to the
Display Means for:
box.

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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM):

Selecting Options

Request other options by


clicking the appropriate
checkbox.
In the Display area, click
the checkbox for
Descriptive statistics…

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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM):

Selecting Options

…and the one for


Homogeneity tests.

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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM):

Selecting Options

This tutorial uses no more


options, so click the
Continue button.

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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM):

Run the analysis

Click the OK button


to run the ANCOVA
(GLM).

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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM) Output:

General Information

The labels and format


of your output may be
somewhat different.

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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM) Output: :

Descriptive Statistics

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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM) Output: :

Descriptive Statistics (continued)

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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM) Output:

Test of Equality of Error Variances

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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM) Output:

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects

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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM) Output:

Expected Mean Squares

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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM):

Estimated Marginal Means:


Undergraduate Major

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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM):

Post Hoc Tests:


Undergraduate Major

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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
ANCOVA (GLM):

Profile Plot: Gender*Resloc

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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman
An Interactive Tutorial for
SPSS 10.0 for Windows©:
ANCOVA (GLM)

Click one of the following:


• Repeat this tutorial
• Return to the list of tutorials

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© Copyright 2000, Julia Hartman

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