PRESENTED BY :

INTRODUCTION

• Rings are the dominant topology in metropolitan backbones

• Because of fast protection property

-- even under a link failure, full connectivity among all
ring nodes is maintained

• Rings have reduced deployment costs from those of star or mesh

topologies as ring nodes are only connected to their two nearest neighbors
 TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGIES

CIRCUIT: PACKET
SONET/ATM

MESH: RING:
ETHERNET ???
• Resilient Packet Ring (RPR) is a new packet-based transport
technology for ring-based metropolitan area networks

• RPR systems are seen as the successors to SONET/SDH ADM-

based rings for the efficient delivery of IP-based data traffic

• RPR technology standardized by IEEE as IEEE 802.17 RPR

• Support up to 255 station attachments

• Optimized for rings with maximum circumference of 2000

kilometers
LIMITATIONS OF SONET IN MAN

• SONET is designed for point-to-point, circuit-switched

applications

– Fixed Circuits

– Wasted Bandwidth for Meshing

– Multicast Traffic

– Wasted Protected Bandwidth

LIMITATION OF ETHERNET IN MAN

• Ethernet over a ring

– Make efficient use of available bandwidth
– Far simpler and inexpensive solution for data
– Optimized for point-to-point or meshed topologies
• Disadvantage
– Not take advantage of ring topology to implement fast
protection mechanism
– Spanning tree protocol runs comparatively slow
– No global fairness policy
FEATURES OF RPR

• Advanced protection mechanisms

• Distributed control
• Interoperability with major transmission standards
• Scalability in speed and number of nodes
• Plug-and-play operation
• Performance monitoring capabilities
• Support for a limited number of priorities (two or three)
• OAM and advanced traffic and bandwidth management
• Support for unicast, multicast and broadcast data traffic.
RING STRUCTURE
• RPR networks are based on two
symmetric counter-rotating rings
(external and internal ring) that
carry data and control information.

• The nodes/stations may send data

on either of the two ringlets.

• In most cases, the shortest path to

the destination is used.

• Topology discovery protocol to

obtain a topology map of the ring.
• Packet forwarding
– Intermediate nodes forward packet if they don’t recognize
destination MAC address in packet header
– Forwarding methods
• Cut-through
– Packet forwarded before completely received
• Store-and-forward
– Packet forwarded after completely received
– Supplementary 1-byte time-to-live (TTL) field
• Added to each packet by RPR MAC control entity
• Value decremented by each intermediate node
• Prevents packets with unrecognized destination MAC
address from circulating forever
PHYSICAL LAYER VERSATILITY

• RPR create a new MAC addressing scheme

• It leave Layer 1 open i.e RPR is compatible with Ethernet,
SONET, and DWDM physical layer standards.

NETWORK LAYER

DATA LINK LAYER

PHYSICAL LAYER

LAYERED ARCHITECTURE
RPR MAC

• RPR MAC is responsible for providing access to the fiber

media
• RPR MAC can receive, transit, and transmit packets.
• Receive Decision
-- Every station has a 48-bit MAC address.
-- MAC will receive any packets with a matching
destination address.

• Transit Path
-- Nodes with a non matching address are allowed to
continue circulating around the ring

• Transmit And Bandwidth Control

-- RPR MAC can transmit both high and low priority
packets.
-- Bandwidth algorithm controls whether a node is
within its negotiated bandwidth allotment for low
priority packet
RPR FRAME FORMAT
SERVICE CLASS
• CLASS A
-- support real-time applications that require a guaranteed
bandwidth and low jitter
-- priority over the other types of services
-- token bucket shaper is provided to ensure that the client
traffic does not exceed the allocated rate.
• CLASS B
-- support near real-time applications that are less delay-
sensitive but that still require some bandwidth guarantees.
-- traffic is not statically allocated.
• CLASS C
-- best-effort traffic service with no allocated or guaranteed data
rate and no bounds on end-to-end delay or jitter.
NODE ARCHITECTURE

A three-node IEEE 802.17 RPR ring with a simplified structure of the

MAC datapath entity
SPATIAL REUSE

• Increases the overall

aggregate bandwidth of the
ring

• Unicast frames are removed

from the ring at their
destination

• RPR uses Spatial Reuse

Protocol
ADDRESSING

• UNICAST

• MULTICAST

• BROADCAST
FAIRNESS ALGORITHM

• A fairness algorithm is a mechanism that gives every node on

the ring a predetermined “fair” share of the ring bandwidth
TWO MODES OF OPERATION FOR THE
RPR FAIRNESS ALGORITHM
• AGGRESSIVE MODE:
-- evolved from the Spatial Reuse Protocol (SRP) currently
deployed in a number of operational metro networks.
-- An AM node n is said to he congested whenever
STQ-depth[n] > low-threshold

• CONSERVATIVE MODE:
-- Each CM node has an access timer measuring the time
between two consecutive transmissions of station packets.
-- A CM node n is said to be congested if the access timer
for station traffic expires or
forward-rate[n] + add-rate[n] > low-threshold.
RPR RESILIENCE MECHANISMS

• RPR standard offers powerful protection methods:

1. Ring wrapping
2. Packet steering

• They are designed to minimize the traffic losses in case of

failures

• Aim to achieve recovery times of about 50 ms

• Obviating the need for SDH/SONET-based protection

RING WRAPPING

RPR wrapping protection. Interchanged control messages{Request

type, Source Address, Wrap Status, Path Indicator}
PACKET STEERING

• Packet steering is based on the ability to choose the ringlet on

which the data is sent.

• If the preferred path is unavailable due to failure, the other

path will be used.

• Mandatory in RPR

• Benefit
• Higher bandwidth efficiency than wrapping
TOPOLOGY DISCOVERY ALGORITHM

– RPR’s topology discovery protocol determines connectivity, order of

nodes, and status of each link
– At system initialization
• All nodes broadcast topology discovery control packets on both
ringlets with TTL value equal to 255 (maximum number of nodes)
• Each topology control packet contains information about status of
corresponding node & its attached links
• By receiving all topology control packets, each node is able to
compute complete topology image (number & ordering of nodes,
status of each link)
• Topology image is stored in topology database of each node
Topology map for node A before failure
Topology map for Node A after the running of the TD algorithm
RPR OVER SONET

• RPR uses packet-switching technology while SONET uses

TDM technology to add and drop traffic from nodes in ring
topologies

• RPR was originally designed as a possible alternative to

SONET that provided a SONET-like sub-50 ms resiliency

• SONET is still the dominant transport infrastructure and has a

large installed base

• Instead of replacing SONET with RPR, service providers plan

to deploy RPR over SONET
RPR SHARED PATH OVER EXISTING SONET
RPR over SONET: Applications

• Transparent LAN Service

TLS or Ethernet Private LAN service is an application to
interconnect enterprise or business users with multiple sites over a
private or public network.

• Private Ring
A dedicated ring is a distinct private ring that has all its
bandwidth dedicated to one customer. Deploying RPR over
SONET provides a data-aware SONET ring to the customer’s
many locations with better bandwidth management capabilities to
leverage multi-point bursty Ethernet traffic
Ethernet Dedicated Private Ring for a Single Customer
Ethernet Shared Access Ring for Customers A and B
Internet Access using RPR
Video Distribution using RPR
COMPARISON WITH OTHER
TECHNOLOGIES
• RPR-based architectures have major cost advantages over Ethernet-over-
SONET .

• To compare these technologies let:

1. An 8-node metro ring, with a single hub

2. Each node has to support 16 x 1GbE user interfaces
with an average utilization of 100 Mbit/s, and peak
burst rate of 1000 Mbit/s.
3. 20% of the traffic is intra-metro and 80% goes out of
the metro ring through the hub.
Ethernet-over-SONET ETHERNET NETWORK
RPR BASED NETWORK
RESULTS

COST SUMMARY CHART

 CONCLUSION
• Fiber Rings are extremely common in the metro and other
networking environment.

• RPRs provide a reliable, efficient, and service-aware transport for

both enterprise and service-provider networks.

• Combining the best features of legacy SONET/SDH and

Ethernet into one layer, RPR maximizes profitability while
delivering carrier-class service.

• RPR enable the convergence of voice, video and data services

transport.
REFERENCES
• Ping Yuan, Violeta Gambiroza, and Edward Knightly Rice
University “The IEEE 802.77 Media Access Protocol for High-
Speed Mefropolitan-Area Resilient Packet Rings”, 2004

• Amund Kvalbein and Stein Gjessing Simula Research Laboratory,

Oslo, Norway “Protection of RPR strict order traffic”,2006

• IEEE Computer Society “Part 17: Resilient packet ring (RPR)

access method and physical layer Specifications”,2007

• Eduardo de la Cruz Gámez PalizaTechnology Institute of Acapulco

Acapulco, Guerrero, México “Protection in a RPR-MAN
Node”,2006