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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
• is a theory ofAbraham Maslow
• proposed in his 1943 paper A
Theory of Human Motivation,
which he subsequently extended
to include his observations of
humans' innate curiosity

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This diagram shows Maslow's hierarchy of needs, represented as a
pyramid with the more primitive needs at the bottom.

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Maslow's hierarchy of needs
• Depicted as a pyramid
consisting of five
levels:

• the four lower levels


are grouped together
as deficiency needs
associated with
physiological needs,

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Maslow's hierarchy of needs

• the top level is termed


growth needs associated
with psychological
needs

• Deficiency needs must


be met first.

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• The higher needs = come into focus
when the lower needs in the pyramid
are satisfied.

• Once an individual has moved


upwards to the next level, needs in the
lower level will no longer be
prioritized.

• If a lower set of needs is no longer


being met, the individual will
temporarily re-prioritize those needs
by focusing attention on the
unfulfilled needs, but will not
permanently regress to the lower
level.

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• For instance, a businessman (at the
esteem level) who is diagnosed with
cancer will spend a great deal of time
concentrating on his health
(physiological needs),

• but will continue to value his work


performance (esteem needs) and will
likely return to work during periods of
remission.

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Deficiency needs
• The first four layers of the pyramid are what
Maslow called "deficiency needs" or "D-
needs“
• the individual does not feel anything if they
are met, but feels anxious if they are not met.
• The deficiency needs are:

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Physiological needs

• These are the basic needs for such


things as
– food, warmth, shelter, sex, water, and other
body needs.
• If a person is hungry or thirsty or his
body is chemically unbalanced, all of
his energies turn toward remedying
these deficiencies, and other needs
remain inactive.

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The physiological needs of the organism (those
enabling homeostasis) consist mainly of:

• Excretion
• Eating
• Sex
• Drinking
• Sleeping
• Shelter
• Warmth

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Safety needs
• With his physical needs
relatively satisfied, the
individual's safety needs take
over and dominate his behavior.
• These needs have to do with
man's yearning for a predictable,
orderly world in which injustice
and inconsistency are under
control.

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• In the world of work, these safety
needs manifest themselves in such
things as a preference for job
security,
• savings accounts,
• insurance policies, and the like.

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• For the most part physiological
and safety needs are reasonably
well satisfied in our society.

• Obvious exceptions, are people


outside the mainstream — the
poor, the disadvantaged, and
members of minority groups.

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• If frustration has not led to weakness,
such people still struggle to satisfy the
basic physiological and safety needs.

• They are primarily concerned with


survival:
– obtaining adequate food,
– clothing,
– shelter,
– and seeking justice from the dominant
societal groups.

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Safety needs include:

• Personal security from crime


• Health and well-being
• Safety against accidents/illness
and the adverse impacts

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Love/Belonging/Social needs

• After physiological and safety needs


are fulfilled, the third layer of human
needs is social.
• This involves emotionally-based
relationships in general, such as:
• friendship
• sexual intimacy
• having a supportive and
communicative family

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• Humans need to feel a sense of
belongingess and acceptance,
whether it comes from a large
social group such as:
– clubs,
– office culture,
– religious groups
– professional organizations,
– sports teams, or
– small social connections (family
members, intimate partners, mentors,
close colleagues)

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• In the absence of these elements, many
people become susceptible to
– loneliness,
– social anxiety,
– and depression.

• This need for belonging can often


overcome the physiological and security
needs.

• e.g. an anorexic ignores the need to eat


and the security of health for a feeling of
belonging.

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Esteem needs
• All humans have a need to be
– respected,
– to have self-esteem,
– self-respect,
– and to respect others.

• People need to engage themselves to gain


recognition and have activities

• sense of contribution, to feel accepted and self-


valued, be it in a profession or hobby.

• Imbalances at this level can result in low self-


esteem, inferiority complexes.

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Growth needs
• self-actualization also termed "B-
needs“
• they are enduring motivations or
drivers of behavior

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Cognitive needs

• Maslow believed that humans have the


need to
= increase their intelligence and thereby
chase knowledge.
• Cognitive needs is the expression of the
natural human need to
– learn,
– explore,
– discover and
– create to get a better understanding of the
world around them

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Aesthetic needs
• Based on Maslow's beliefs, it is stated in the
hierarchy that humans need beautiful imagery or
something new and aesthetically pleasing to
continue up towards

Self-Actualization.

• Humans need to refresh themselves in the presence


and beauty of nature while carefully absorbing and
observing their surroundings to extract the beauty
that the world has to offer.

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Self-actualization

• a concept Maslow attributed to


Kurt Goldstein, one of his
mentors — is the need of
humans to make the most of
their abilities and to strive to
be the best they can.

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• This final stage of psychological
development comes when the
individual feels assured that his
– physiological,
– security,
– affiliation and affection, s
– elf-respect,
– and recognition needs have been
satisfied.

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• Maslow's need hierarchy is set
forth as a general proposition

• and does not imply that


everyone's needs follow the
same rigid pattern. For some
people, self-esteem seems to
be a stronger motivation than
love.

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• Similarly, persons who have
suffered hunger or some other
deprivation for a long period of
time may live happily for the
rest of their lives if only they can
get enough of what they lacked.

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Maslow writes the following about the
self-actualizing people:

• They embrace the facts and


realities of the world (including
themselves) rather than denying
or avoiding them.
• They are spontaneous in their
ideas and actions.

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Maslow writes the following about the
self-actualizing people:

• They are creative.


• They are interested in solving
problems; this often includes the
problems of others. Solving
these problems is often a key
focus in their lives.

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• They feel a closeness to other people,
and generally appreciate life.
• They have a system of morality that is
fully internalized and independent of
external authority.
• They have discernment and are able to
view all things in an objective
manner.

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• In short, self-actualization is

reaching one's fullest potential.

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And…According to Maslow, the self-
actualizing people tend to be as follows:

1. Have sense of awareness

• efficient perception of reality


• freshness of appreciation
• peak experiences
• ethical awareness

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2. Honest

• deep interpersonal relationships


• democratic character structure

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3. Freedom

• need for solitude


• autonomous, independent
• creativity, originality
• spontaneous

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4. Can be trusted

• problem centered
• acceptance of self, others, nature
• resistance to enculturation - identity with
humanity

Enculturation = a process whereby an


established culture teaches an individual its
accepted norms and values so that

the individual can become an accepted


member of the society and find their
suitable role

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