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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
• is a theory ofAbraham Maslow
• proposed in his 1943 paper A
Theory of Human Motivation,
which he subsequently extended
to include his observations of
humans' innate curiosity
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This diagram shows Maslow's hierarchy of needs, represented as a
pyramid with the more primitive needs at the bottom.
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Maslow's hierarchy of needs
• Depicted as a pyramid
consisting of five
levels:
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Maslow's hierarchy of needs
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• The higher needs = come into focus
when the lower needs in the pyramid
are satisfied.
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• For instance, a businessman (at the
esteem level) who is diagnosed with
cancer will spend a great deal of time
concentrating on his health
(physiological needs),
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Deficiency needs
• The first four layers of the pyramid are what
Maslow called "deficiency needs" or "D-
needs“
• the individual does not feel anything if they
are met, but feels anxious if they are not met.
• The deficiency needs are:
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Physiological needs
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The physiological needs of the organism (those
enabling homeostasis) consist mainly of:
• Excretion
• Eating
• Sex
• Drinking
• Sleeping
• Shelter
• Warmth
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Safety needs
• With his physical needs
relatively satisfied, the
individual's safety needs take
over and dominate his behavior.
• These needs have to do with
man's yearning for a predictable,
orderly world in which injustice
and inconsistency are under
control.
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• In the world of work, these safety
needs manifest themselves in such
things as a preference for job
security,
• savings accounts,
• insurance policies, and the like.
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• For the most part physiological
and safety needs are reasonably
well satisfied in our society.
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• If frustration has not led to weakness,
such people still struggle to satisfy the
basic physiological and safety needs.
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Safety needs include:
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Love/Belonging/Social needs
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• Humans need to feel a sense of
belongingess and acceptance,
whether it comes from a large
social group such as:
– clubs,
– office culture,
– religious groups
– professional organizations,
– sports teams, or
– small social connections (family
members, intimate partners, mentors,
close colleagues)
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• In the absence of these elements, many
people become susceptible to
– loneliness,
– social anxiety,
– and depression.
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Esteem needs
• All humans have a need to be
– respected,
– to have self-esteem,
– self-respect,
– and to respect others.
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Growth needs
• self-actualization also termed "B-
needs“
• they are enduring motivations or
drivers of behavior
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Cognitive needs
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Aesthetic needs
• Based on Maslow's beliefs, it is stated in the
hierarchy that humans need beautiful imagery or
something new and aesthetically pleasing to
continue up towards
Self-Actualization.
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Self-actualization
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• This final stage of psychological
development comes when the
individual feels assured that his
– physiological,
– security,
– affiliation and affection, s
– elf-respect,
– and recognition needs have been
satisfied.
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• Maslow's need hierarchy is set
forth as a general proposition
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• Similarly, persons who have
suffered hunger or some other
deprivation for a long period of
time may live happily for the
rest of their lives if only they can
get enough of what they lacked.
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Maslow writes the following about the
self-actualizing people:
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Maslow writes the following about the
self-actualizing people:
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• They feel a closeness to other people,
and generally appreciate life.
• They have a system of morality that is
fully internalized and independent of
external authority.
• They have discernment and are able to
view all things in an objective
manner.
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• In short, self-actualization is
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And…According to Maslow, the self-
actualizing people tend to be as follows:
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2. Honest
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3. Freedom
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4. Can be trusted
• problem centered
• acceptance of self, others, nature
• resistance to enculturation - identity with
humanity
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