Content

History of nanotechnolgy
Introduction of nanotechnlogy

Conclusions
Nanotechonolgy foretold

Concept first introduced by American physicist Richard P.

Feynman (1918-1988)
Calculated that an encyclopedia set could be compressed to
fit the head of a pin.
He described such atomic scale fabrication as bottom up
approach as opposed to top down approach we are
accustomed to.
 I NTRODUCTION

Nanoscience is the study of phenomena and manipulation of materials at

atomic, molecular and macro-molecule scales, where properties differ
significantly from those at a larger scale.

Nanotechnology is the branch of science and engineering which deals

with creation of materials, devices, and systems through the
manipulation of individual atoms and molecules. The original definition is
technology that is built from single atoms and which depends on
individual atoms for function.

The goal of nanotechnology is to control individual atoms and molecules

to create computer chips and other devices that are thousands of times
smaller than current technologies permit. Current manufacturing
processes use lithography to imprint circuits on semiconductor materials .
The prefix ‘nano’ is derived from the
Greek word for dwarf. One nanometer
(nm) is equal to one-billionth of a meter,
10-9 m.

A human hair is approximately 80,000nm

wide, and a red blood cell approximately
7000nm wide. Atoms are below a
nanometer in size. A nanometer-sized
particle is also smaller than living cell and
can be seen only with the most powerful
microscope available today.

Nanotechnology is the technology of

preference to make things small, light and
cheap, nanotechnology based
manufacturing is a method conceived for
processing and rearranging of atoms to
fabricate custom products .if we rearrange
the atoms in coal, we can get diamond. If
we rearrange atoms of sand we can make
computer chips etc.

The original definition this technology that

is built from single atoms and which
depends on individual atoms for function.
Nano technology simply refers to devices
and materials fabricated on this type of
scale.

To manipulate each individual atom of an

object is the basic idea of Nanotechnology.

Such devices and materials can be built in

two ways using Macroscopic Fabrication
techniques.
1)Bottom up approach
2) Top Down approach

Nano technology is not confined to limited

number of fields. Every area of industry,
Health and environment can be improved
using this.
With the Discovery of techniques to organize, characterize and
manipulate individual elements of matter as well as the increasing
insights into self organization principles of these elements the
world wide industrial conquest of nanoscale dimensions began.

The prospect of injecting patients with machines to make

repairs, of rating super-strong and like materials for space
exploration, of restoring environmental systems on a molecular
level are all parts of the promise of Nanotechnolgy.
 Working of Nanotechnology:
Atoms are the building blocks for all matter in our universe.
You and everything around are made of atoms. Nature has
perfected the science of manufacturing matter molecularly. For
instance, our bodies are assembled in a specific manner from
millions of living cells. Cells are nature’s nanomachines.

Nanotechnology is a hybrid science combining engineering

and chemistry. Atoms and molecules stick together because
they have complementary shapes that lock together, or charges
that attract. Just like with magnets, a positively charged atom
will stick to a negatively charged atom.
The goal nanotechnology is to manipulate atoms individually and
place them in a pattern to produce a desired structure. There are
three steps to achieving nanotechnology-produced goods:

Scientists must be able to manipulate individual atoms.

This means that they will have to develop a technique to
grab single atoms and move them to desired positions. In
1990, IBM researchers showed that it is possible to
manipulate single atoms. They positioned 35 xenon atoms
on the surface of a nickel crystal, using an atomic force
microscopy instrument. These positioned atoms spelled
out the letters “IBM”. You can view this nano-logo on this
page.

The next step will be to develop nanoscopic machines,

called assemblers, that can be programmed to manipulate
atoms and molecules at will. It would take thousand of
years for a single assembler to produce any kind of
material one atom at a time. Trillions of assemblers will be
needed to develop products in a viable time frame.
 In order to create enough assemblers to build consumer goods, some
nanomachines, called replicators, will be programmed to build more
assemblers.
Trillions of assemblers and replicators will fill an area smaller than a
cubic millimeter, and will still be too small for us to see with naked eye.
Assemblers and replicators will work together like hands to automatically
construct products, and will eventually replace all traditional labour
methods. This will vastly decrease manufacturing costs, thereby making
consumer goods plentiful, cheaper and stronger. In the next section, you
will find out how nanotechnology will impact every facet of society, from
medicines to computers.

Nano-technology in Medicine:

Nanomedicine may be defined as the monitoring, repair, construction

and control of human biological systems at the molecular level, using
engineered nanodevices and nanostructures. However, the full promises
of nanomedicine is unlikely to arrive until after the development of
precisely controlled or programmable medical nanomachines and
nanorobots which were first hypothesized by the Nobel-winning physicist
Richard Feynman in 1959.
Methods for designing and constructing these devices currently
being actively pursued by many universities and government
organizations in the United States, Europe and Japan, and also in
the private sector by nanotechnology startup companies and
nanotechnology seed capital firms.

One nanomachines are available, which are programmable and

controllable microscale robots comprised of nanoscale parts
fabricated to nanometer precision will allow medical doctors to
execute curative and reconstructive procedures in the human body
at the cellular and molecular levels. The ability to direct events in a
controlled fashion at the cellular level is the key that will unlock the
indefinite extension of human health and the expansion of human
abilities.
 Uses of nanotechonolgy
Nanotechnolgy in medicine
Nanotechnolgy in electronics
Nanotechnolgy in food
 CONCLUSION

 Nanotechnology is an umbrella term that covers many areas of

research dealing with objects that are measured in nanometers.

 In the next 50 years, machines will get increasingly smaller..

 Nanomachines to manufacture consumer goods at the molecular

level, piecing together one atom or molecule at a time to make
baseballs, telephones and cars (which is the goal of
nanotechnology).

 As televisions, airplanes and computers revolutionized the world in

the last century, scientists claim that nanotechnology will have an
even more profound effect on the next century.