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COMPUTER AND MULTIMEDIA

NETWORKS

Aamir Hirani
INTRODUCTION
 Networks are essential to the modern computing
environment.

 Multimedia networks share all major issues and


technologies of computer networks.

 Multimedia communications have made networks one of


the most active areas for R & D.

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WHAT IS A NETWORK ?

 Network – is a group of two or more computer systems


linked together.

Networks Description
Local Area Network Computers are geographically close together i.e. in the same
building.
Wide Area Network The computers are farther apart and are connected by telephone
lines or radio waves.
Campus Area Network The computers are within a limited geographic area, such as a
campus or military base.
Metropolitan Area Network A data network designed for a town or city.
Home Area Network A network contained within a user's home that connects a person's
digital devices. 3
WHAT IS NETWORK TOPOLOGY ?

0 Network topology is the layout pattern of interconnections of


the various elements (links, nodes, etc.) of a computer network.

0 Network topologies may be physical or logical.

0 Physical topology means the physical design of a network


including the devices, location and cable installation. 

0 Logical topology refers to how data is actually transferred in a


network as opposed to its physical design.
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Diagram of different network topologies

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OSI LAYER
 The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is
a product of the Open Systems Interconnection effort at
the International Organization for Standardization(ISO)
in 1984.
 It is a way of sub-dividing a communications system into
smaller parts called layers.
 A layer is a collection of similar functions that provide
services to the layer above it and receives services from
the layer below it.
 On each layer, an instance provides services to the
instances at the layer above and requests service from
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the layer below.
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PHYSICAL LAYER
 Physical layer defines
 the cable or physical medium itself,
 Thinnet, Thicknet, Unshielded twisted pairs (UTP).
 Hubs

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DATA LINK LAYER
 Data Link layer defines the format of data on the
network.
 A network data frame includes checksum, source and
destination address, and data.
 The largest packet that can be sent through a data link
layer defines the Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU).
 The data link layer handles the physical and logical
connections to the packet's destination, using a network
interface. A host connected to an Ethernet would have
an Ethernet interface to handle connections to the
outside world, and a loopback interface to send packets
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to itself.
DATA LINK LAYER (CONTD…)
 Specifies ways to
 establish,
 maintain,
 terminate a link such as transmission and synchronization of
data frames,
 error detection and correction and
 access protocol to the Physical Layer.

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NETWORK LAYER
 Routing of data from one end to the other across the
network such as circuit switching or packet switching.
Provides services such as addressing, internetworking,
error handling, congestion control and sequencing of
Packets.

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TRANSPORT LAYER
 Provides end to end communication between end
systems that support end user application or services.
Supports either connection oriented or connectionless
protocols.

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SESSION LAYER
 Coordinates interaction between user applications on
different hosts manages sessions (connections) such as
completion of long file transfers.

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PRESENTATION LAYER
 Deals with the syntax of transmitted data, such as
conversion of different data formats and codes due to
different conventions, compression or encryption.

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APPLICATION LAYER
 Supports various application programs and protocols
such as FTP, Telnet, HTTP, SNMP, SMTP/MIME

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Layer Protocols Network Devices
Application / UI DNS; FTP; TFTP; BOOTP; Gateway
SNMP;RLOGIN; SMTP; MIME;
NFS; FINGER; TELNET; NCP; APPC;
AFP; SMB
Presentation Translation Gateway Redirector
Session NetBIOSNames Pipes Gateway
Mail Slots
RPC

Transport TCP, ARP, RARP;SPX GatewayAdvanced Cable Tester


NWLink Brouter
NetBIOS / NetBEUI
ATP

Network ( Addressing and IP; ARP; RARP, ICMP; RIP; Brouter Router
routing) OSFP;IGMP; Frame Relay Device
IPX ATM Switch
NWLink Advanced Cable Tester
NetBEUI
OSI
DDP
DECnet

Data Link (Data frames to bits) Logical Link Control Bridge Switch
error correction and flow control ISDN Router
Intelligent Hub
Media Access Control NIC
communicates with the adapter Advanced Cable Tester
card
controls the type of media being 16
used:
Physical (Hardware, Raw bit IEEE 802IEEE 802.2 Repeater
stream) ISO 2110 Multiplexer
TCP/IP PROTOCOLS

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TRANSPORT LAYER – TCP & UDP
 TCP & UDP transport layer protocols to facilitate host
to host communications.
 TCP – is connection oriented
 Provides reliable data transfer between pairs of
communicating processes across the network.
 TCP established for packet switched networks only. Hence
there are no circuits and data has to be packetized.
 TCP relies on IP layer for delivering the message to
destination computer specified by its IP address.
 Provides packetizing, error detection, retransmission, packet re-
sequencing and multiplexing.

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 Since a process running TCP/IP is required to be able to
establish multiple network connections to a remote process
multiplexing is achieved by identifying connections using
port numbers.
 For every TCP connection both communicating computers
allocate a buffer called window to receive and send data.
 TCP datagram header contains the source and destination
ports, sequence number, checksum, window field,
acknowledgement number and other fields

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 Source and destination ports
 Required for source process to know where to deliver and for
destination process to know where to reply.
 Sequence Number
 Reorders arriving packets and detects whether any are missing.
 Check Sum
 Verifies that the package arrived undamaged despite channel
interference.
 Window Field
 Howmany bytes the current computer’s buffer can receive. Sent with
ACK packets.
 Acknowledgement (ACK) Packets
 Have the ACK number specified. The number of bytes correctly 21
received so far in sequence.
 UDP – is connection less.
 UDP provides multiplexing and error detetction through a
checksum. Although the UDP header does have fields to
specify source and destination port numbers, the source port
number is optional, since the destination computer is not
expected to reply to the message there is no
acknowledgement.

 UDP data transmission is faster than TCP but its unreliable.

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NETWORK LAYER – IP
 IP layer has to translate the destination IP address of
incoming packets to the appropriate network address. In
addition routing tables identify for each destination IP
the next best router IP through which the packet should
travel.

 IP (Internet protocol) is connectionless: it provides no


end to end flow control. Every packet is treated
separately and is not related to past or future packets.
Hence packets can be received out of order and can also
be dropped or duplicated.
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MULTIPLEXING TECHNOLOGIES
 Multiplexing (also known as muxing) is a method by
which multiple analog message signals or digital data
streams are combined into one signal over a shared
medium. The aim is to share an expensive resource. For
example, in telecommunications, several telephone calls
may be carried using one wire.

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FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
( FDM) is the technique used to divide the bandwidth
available in a physical medium into a number of smaller
independent logical channels with each channel having a
small bandwidth. The method of using a number of carrier
frequencies each of which is modulated by an independent
speech signal is in fact frequency division multiplexing.

 Is an analogue technique where each communication channel


is assigned a carrier frequency.
 To separate the channels a guard band would be used to avoid
interference.

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 Multiple channels are arranged according to their frequency.
 E.g. Radios and Television
 Share limited bandwidth of broadcast bands in the air by
dividing them into many channels.

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 For FDM to work properly analog signals must be
modulated first with a unique carrier frequency fc for
each channel. As a result the signal occupies a bandwidth
Bs centered at fc.
 Basic modulation techniques include AMPLITUDE
MODULATION, FREQUENCY MODULATION AND
PHASE MODULATION

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INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL
NETWORK
 In 1980 ITU-T started developing ISDN to meet the need
of various digital services e.g. Caller ID, Instant Call
Setup, teleconferencing.
 By default ISDN refers to Narrowband ISDN. The ITU-
T has subsequently developed Broadband ISDN.

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ISDN
 Has B (bearer) channel and D (delta) Channel
 B Channel
 isof 64kbps each
 and are for data transmission (they are circuit switched but
support packet switching)
 One B channel can replace Plain Old Telephones (Pots based
on circuit switching).

 D Channel
 16 kbps or 64 kbps
 Takes care of call setup, call control and network
maintenance. 30
 Two types of interfaces were available.
 BRI (Basic Rate Interface) and PRI (Public Rate Interface)

 BRI
 BRI provides two B channels and one D channel at 16kbps

 Total of 144 kbps (64 x 2)+16 is multiplexed and transmitted


over a 192 kbps link

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 PRI (Primary Rate Interface)
 Provides23 B channels and one D Channel at 64kbps (in
North America and Japan)
 30 B channels and 2 D channels at 64kbps in Europe

 23 B channels and one D Channel = T1 of SONET


 T1 has 24 time slots and a data rate of 24 time slots x
64kbps/slot = 1.544kbps
 Where as 30 B channels and two D Channel fit in E1 which
has 32time slots and a data rate of 32 x 64 = 2.048kbps

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SONET – SYNCHRONOUS OPTICAL
NETWORK
 Developed by Bellcore for optical fibers
 Supports data rate beyond T3

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ASYMMETRIC DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER
LINE (ADSL)
 Adopts higher data rate downstream from (network to
subscriber) and
 Lower data rate upstream (subscriber to network) hence
it is assymetric
 Uses existing telephone twisted pair lines to transmit
Quadrature Amplitude Modulated digital signals

 QAM – Combination of Amplitude Modulation and


Phase Modulation
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 ADSL uses Frequency Division Multiplexing to
multiplex three channels
 The high speed downstream channel at the high end of the
spectrum
 A medium speed duplex channel (16 to 640 kbps)
 A POTS channel at the low end of the spectrum

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