Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
metabolism
I. Bacterial Transformation is Mediated
by DNA
• Experiment by Frederick Griffith – 1928
– Demonstrated first evidence that genes are molecules
– Two different strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae
• Non-pathogenic = Avirulent = ROUGH cells (R)
• Pathogenic = virulent = SMOOTH (S)
– Smooth outer covering = capsule
– Capsule = slimy, polysaccharide
– Encapsulated strains escape phagocytosis
– The capsule alone did not cause pneumonia
• Heat-killed S strain was avirulent
• Ability to escape immune detection and multiply
– When heat-killed S strain was mixed with living R strain
the mouse dies of pneumoniae
• Encapsulated strain (S) recovedred from dead mouse
Now a live strain
• The R strain had somehow acquired the ability to
produce the polysaccharide capsule
– Transformation
– Ability to produce coat was an inherited trait
Daughter cells also produced capsule
• Transformation
– Uptake of genetic material from an external
source resulting in the acquisition of new traits
(phenotype is changed)
– Griffith’s expriment was the earliest document
evidence of transformation
• Avery, MacLeod and McCarty defined the transforming agent
of Griffith’s experiment as DNA (1944)
– Chemical components of heat-killed S strain bacteria were
purified and co-injected with live R strain
• Polysaccharide/Carbohydrate
• Lipids
• Protein
• Nucleic acids
– DNA
– RNA
II. Viral DNA is Transferred into Cells During
Infection – The Hershey-Chase Experiment (1952)
• T2 Bacteriophage studies
– Bacteriophage = viruses that infect bacteria
– Major chemical components = DNA and protein
– Escherichia coli infected with T2 produce
thousands of new viruses in the host cell
• Host cell lyses and phage are released
• Determination of whether DNA or protein was directing
synthesis of new phage particles
– Viral proteins were radioactively labeled with:
• 35S by growing T2-infected bacteria in 35S-methionine =
1st Batch
– Amino acid labeling
– DNA does not contain any sulfur atoms
• 32P by growing T2-infected bacteria in 32-P
– Nucleic acid labeling
– Amino acids do not contain phosphorous
– Radioactively labeled viruses were isolated from
the culture and used to REINFECT new host cells
• Batch 1 = protein labeled
• Batch 2 = DNA labeled
– Blender used to disrupt phage on surface of
bacteria from cells and their cytoplasmic
components then centrifuged
• Supernatant?? (Protein never entered the cell)
• Pellet?? (DNA injected into the cell)
Laying the Groundwork:
Levene Investigates the
Structure of DNA