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Media Transmission
Data Communication 1
Element of communications
• Transmitter
• Receiver
• Medium
– Guided medium
• e.g. twisted pair, optical fiber
– Unguided medium
• e.g. air, water, vacuum
Data Communication 2
Basic Topology
• Direct link
– No intermediate devices
• Point-to-point
– Direct link
– Only 2 devices share link
• Multi-point
– More than two devices share the link
Data Communication 3
Direction of communication
• Simplex
– One direction
• e.g. Radio, Television
• Half duplex
– Either direction, but only one way at a time
• e.g. police radio, HT, Walkie-Talkie
• Full duplex
– Both directions at the same time
• e.g. telephone
Data Communication 4
Data Flow: Simplex
Data Communication 5
Simplex Illustration
Data Communication 6
Data Flow: Half Duplex
• data may travel in both directions, but only in
one direction at a time
• provides non-simultaneous two-way
communication
• computers use control signals to negotiate
when to send and when to receive
• the time it takes to switch between sending and
receiving is called turnaround time
Data Communication 7
Half Duplex Illustration
Data Communication 8
Data Flow: Full Duplex
Data Communication 9
Full Duplex Illustration
Data Communication 10
Electromagnetic Signals
• Function of time
– Analog (varies smoothly over time)
– Digital (constant level over time,
followed by a change to another level)
• Function of frequency
– Spectrum (range of frequencies)
– Bandwidth (width of the spectrum)
Data Communication 11
Periodic Signal
Characteristics
– Amplitude (A): signal value, measured in
volts
– Frequency (f): repetition rate, cycles per
second or Hertz
– Period (T): amount of time it takes for
one repetition, T=1/f
– Phase (Φ): relative position in time,
measured in degrees
Data Communication 12
Analog Signaling
1 cycle difference
time
(sec)
frequency (hertz)
= cycles per second
Data Communication 13
Conversion of Voice Input into
Analog Signal
Data Communication 14
Digital Signaling
pulses
1 cycle
time
(sec)
frequency (hertz)
= cycles per second
Data Communication 15
Conversion of PC Input to
Digital Signal
Data Communication 16
Digital Text Signaling
• Transmission of electronic pulses
representing the binary digits 1 and 0
• How do we represent letters, numbers,
characters in binary form?
• Earliest example: Morse code (dots and
dashes)
• Most common current form: ASCII
“A” = 41 Hexadecimal = 65 Decimal = 01000001
“B” = 42 Hexadecimal = 66 Decimal = 01000010
Data Communication 17
ASCII Character Codes
Data Communication 18
Digital Image Signaling
Data Communication 19
Why Study Analog?
Data Communication 20
Voice Signals
Data Communication 21
Bandwidth
Data Communication 22
BPS vs. Baud
Data Communication 23
Bandwidth Pipe Analogy
Data Communication 24
Bandwidth Highway Analogy
Data Communication 25
Transmission Media
Data Communication 26
Impairments and Capacity
Data Communication 27
Transmission Impairments
• Attenuation
– loss of signal strength over distance
• Attenuation Distortion
– different losses at different frequencies
• Delay Distortion
– different speeds for different frequencies
• Noise
Data Communication 28
Types of Noise
Data Communication 29
Transmission Media
Data Communication 30
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Data Communication 31
Guided Transmission Media
Data Communication 32
Twisted Pair Wires
• two varieties
– STP (shielded twisted pair)
• the pair is wrapped with metallic foil or braid
to insulate the pair from electromagnetic
interference
– UTP (unshielded twisted pair)
• each wire is insulated with plastic wrap, but
the pair is encased in an outer covering
Data Communication 34
Shielded Twisted-Pair Cable
Data Communication 35
Unshielded Twisted Pair
(UTP)
Data Communication 36
Twisted Pair Wires
• Category 3 UTP
– data rates of up to 16mbps are achievable
• Category 5 UTP
– data rates of up to 100mbps are achievable
– more tightly twisted than Category 3 cables
– more expensive, but better performance
• STP
– More expensive, harder to work with
Data Communication 37
Bad and Good Connector
Data Communication 38
Twisted Pair Advantages
Data Communication 39
Twisted Pair Disadvantages
Data Communication 41
Coax Layers
outer jacket
(polyethylene)
shield
(braided wire)
insulating material
copper or aluminum
conductor
Data Communication 42
Coax Advantages
• higher bandwidth
– 400 to 600Mhz
– up to 10,800 voice conversations
• can be tapped easily (pros and cons)
• much less susceptible to interference
than twisted pair
Data Communication 43
Coax Disadvantages
Data Communication 44
Fiber Optic Cable
Data Communication 45
Fiber Optic Layers
Data Communication 46
Data Communication 47
Data Communication 48
Fiber Optic Mode
Data Communication 49
Multimode Fiber
Data Communication 50
Fiber Optic Types
Data Communication 51
Fiber Optic Signals
Data Communication 52
Fiber End Face Polishing
Techniques
Data Communication 53
Fiber Optic Advantages
• greater capacity (bandwidth of up to
2 Gbps)
• smaller size and lighter weight
• lower attenuation
• immunity to environmental
interference
• highly secure due to tap difficulty
and lack of signal radiation
Data Communication 54
Fiber Optic Disadvantages
Data Communication 55
Wireless (Unguided Media)
Transmission
• transmission and reception are achieved by
means of an antenna
• directional
– transmitting antenna puts out focused beam
– transmitter and receiver must be aligned
• omnidirectional
– signal spreads out in all directions
– can be received by many antennas
Data Communication 56
Omni Directional Antenna
Data Communication 57
Wireless Examples
Data Communication 58
Terrestrial
Microwave Transmission
• uses the radio frequency spectrum, commonly
from 2 to 40 Ghz
• transmitter is a parabolic dish, mounted as high
as possible
• used by common carriers as well as by private
networks
• requires unobstructed line of sight between
source and receiver
• curvature of the earth requires stations (called
repeaters) to be ~30 miles apart
Data Communication 59
Wireless Network
Data Communication 60
Microwave Transmission
Applications
• long-haul telecommunications
service for both voice and television
transmission
• short point-to-point links between
buildings for closed-circuit TV or a
data link between LANs
Data Communication 61
Microwave Transmission
Advantages
• no cabling needed between sites
• wide bandwidth
• multichannel transmissions
Data Communication 62
Microwave Transmission
Disadvantages
• line of sight requirement
• expensive towers and repeaters
• subject to interference such as
passing airplanes and rain
Data Communication 63
Satellite
Microwave Transmission
• a microwave relay station in space
• can relay signals over long distances
• geostationary satellites
– remain above the equator at a height of
22,300 miles (geosynchronous orbit)
– travel around the earth in exactly the
time the earth takes to rotate
Data Communication 64
Satellite Transmission Links
Data Communication 65
Satellite Transmission
Process
satellite
transponder
dish dish
22,300 miles
Data Communication 67
Principal Satellite
Transmission Bands
• C band: 4(downlink) - 6(uplink) GHz
– the first to be designated
• Ku band: 12(downlink) -14(uplink) GHz
– rain interference is the major problem
• Ka band: 19(downlink) - 29(uplink) GHz
– equipment needed to use the band is still very
expensive
Data Communication 68
Satellite Advantages
Data Communication 69
Satellite Disadvantages
Data Communication 70
Infrared
Data Communication 71
Broadcast Radio
• Omnidirectional
• FM radio
• UHF and VHF television
• Line of sight
Data Communication 72
Radio Wave
Data Communication 73
Roaming
Data Communication 74
Common Carriers
Data Communication 75
Leased (or Dedicated) Lines
• permanently or semi-permanently
connect between two points
• economical in high volume calls
between two point
• no delay associated with switching
times
• can assure consistently high-quality
connections
Data Communication 76
Leased (or Dedicated) Lines
Data Communication 77
End of
Presentation
Data Communication 78