Internet Telephony: VoIP, SIP & more

Overview
 Telephony: history and evolution
 IP Telephony: What, Why & Where?
 Adding interactive multimedia to the web
 Being able to do telephony on IP with a variety of devices
 Consumer & business markets
 Key element of convergence in carrier infrastructure
 Basic IP telephony model
 Protocols: SIP, H.323, RTP, Coding schemes, Megaco
 Future: Invisible IP telephony and control of appliances
 What is VoIP?
Why VoIP?
Where is VoIP Today?
 What is VoIP?
 VoIP = “Voice over IP”
 Transmission of telephony services via IP infrastructure
 => need history/concepts reg. both “telephony” (or “voice”) and “IP”

 Complements or replaces other Voice-over-data architecture

 Voice-over-TDM
 Voice-over-Frame-Relay
 Voice-over-ATM

 First proprietary IP Telephony implementations in 1994, VoIP-

related standards available 1996
 Buzzwords related to VoIP:
 H.323 v2, SIP, MEGACO/H.248, Sigtrans
 Telephony over IP standards bodies
 ITU - International Telecommunication Union
 http://www.itu.org
 IETF - Internet Engineering Task Force.
 http://www.ietf.org
 ETSI - European Telecommunications Standards Institute
 http://www.etsi.org/tiphon
 ANSI - American National Standards Institute
 http://www.ansi.org
 TIA - Telecommunications Industry Association
 http://www.tiaonline.org
 IEEE - Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers
 http://www.ieee.org
 Summary: Why VoIP?
 Cost reduction:
 Toll by-pass
 WAN Cost Reduction
 Lowered Infrastructure Costs

 Operational Improvement:
 Simplification of Routing Administration
 LAN/Campus Integration
 Policy and Directory Consolidation

 Business Tool Integration:

 Voice mail, email and fax mail integration
 Mobility enabled by IP networking
 Web + Overseas Call Centers
 Collaborative applications
 New Integrated Applications

3Cs: “Convergence” & “Costs” & “Competition”

 Skype: p2p VoIP
over Internet
 Skype is entirely peer-to-
peer and is equivalent to two
H.323 terminals or 2 SIP
terminals talking to each
other
 Provides a namespace
 Efficient coding of voice
packets
 Instant messaging with voice
 Uses Kazaa-like p2p
directory + secure
authentication (login server)
and e2e encryption
 VoIP over Wireless
 Cellular networks with 2.5G and 3G have packet services
 1xRTT on 2.5 G
 EV-DO on 3G

 The voice on these networks is circuit switched voice…

 However, …
 Combined with bluetooth or USB interfaces, a PC-based VoIP software
can do VoIP anywhere there is cellular coverage.
 Or Cellphone can be a SIP terminal

 Near Future: VoIP over WiMax (802.16) and WiFi (802.11)

networks
 Enterprise VoIP: Today’s networks
Toll by-pass
Circuit Switched Networks (Voice)
PBX CO PBX

CO
Headquarters CO Branch Offices
Router

Router Router
Router
Router

Packet Switched Networks (IP)

 Enterprise VoIP: Tomorrow’s networks
Unified/Converged Networks
CO
CO

Legacy PSTN
Router

Router
Router
Router Router

Unified Networks (Voice over IP)

Headquarters Branch Offices

History Of Telephony
 Public Telephony (PSTN) History
 1876 invention of telephone
 1915 first transcontinental telephone (NY–SF)
 1920’s first automatic switches
 1956 TAT-1 transatlantic cable (35 lines)
 1962 digital transmission (T1)
 1965 1ESS analog switch
 1974 Internet packet voice
 1977 4ESS digital switch
 1980s Signaling System #7 (out-of-band)
 1990s Advanced Intelligent Network (AIN)
 PSTN Evolution

Full Mesh Office Switched Office Switched

W/ Hierarchy
VoIP Technologies
 IP Telephony Protocols: SIP, RTP

 Session Initiation Protocol - SIP

 Contact “office.com” asking for “bob”
 Locate Bob’s current phone and ring
 Bob picks up the ringing phone
 Real time Transport Protocol - RTP
 Send and receive audio packets
SIP
 SIP

Audio Codec Video Codec

G.711 H.261
G.723 H.263
G.729

RTP RTCP
SIP

TCP UDP

IP

LAN Interface
 IP SIP Phones and Adaptors
1
Are true Internet hosts
• Choice of application
• Choice of server Analog phone adaptor
• IP appliances 2
Implementations
• 3Com (3)
  3
               
• Columbia University
• MIC WorldCom (1) Palm
control
• Mediatrix (1)
• Nortel (4)
• Siemens (5) 44 5
 Voicemail Architecture Bob

phone1.office.com;

CANCEL

200 OK
Alice

200 OK

RTP/RTCP v-mail
vm.office.com;
After 10 seconds vm contacts the
SETUP
RTSP server for recording.
vm accepts the call.
Sipd cancels the other branch and ... rtspd
...accepts the call from Alice.
Now user message gets recorded
 Speech Coding and
Speech Coders for VoIP
 Applications of Speech Coding
 Telephony, PBX
 Wireless/Cellular Telephony
 Internet Telephony
 Speech Storage (Automated call-centers)
 High-Fidelity recordings/voice
 Speech Analysis/Synthesis
 Text-to-speech (machine generated speech)
 Recall: Taxonomy of Speech Coders
Speech Coders

Waveform Coders Source Coders

Time Domain: Frequency Domain: Linear Vocoder

PCM, ADPCM e.g. Sub-band coder, Predictive
Adaptive transform Coder
coder
Waveform coders: attempts to preserve the signal
waveform not speech specific.
 PCM 64 kbps, ADPCM 32 kpbs, CVSDM 32 kbps
Vocoders:
 Analyse speech, extract and transmit model
parameters
 Use model parameters to synthesize speech
 LPC-10: 2.4 kbps
Hybrids: Combine best of both… Eg: CELP
 Coding Technology Side-effects
 Coded VoIP is NOT the same as a telephone line (I.e. it is not a
content-neutral “carrier”):
 Without special support, you cannot send “fax” or “modem
traffic” over VoIP
 The “carrier” is now IP (or some data-transport protocol
like frame-relay or ATM)
 The same is true for 3G or GSM telephony
 Why? Voice is encoded and the encoding works only for
voice! (it is no longer a 64 kbps bit stream)
 Fax support: Fax Passthru, T.38 fax Relay
 Voice codecs: Summary
 G.711
 uncompressed PCM audio stream
 8ks/s of 8 bit values = 64kbps
 packet “sizes” = 10, 20, 30 and 60ms
 G.722 - Wideband (7kHz)
 G.726
 ADPCM - 10,20,30,60ms - 32kbps
 G.723.1
 MLQ - 30ms - 5.3 or 6.3kbps
 Silence suppression
 G.729
 CS-ACELP - 10, 20, 30ms - 8kbps
 Annex B adds silence suppression
Recap: Speech Quality of Various Coders
VPIM (Voice Profile for Internet Mail)
 Uses SMTP to send/receive voice/faxmail messages
 Attaches messages as wav/mpeg/tiff files in MIME
 Useful for transferring across voicemail systems
 Adds more useful info: vcard, signature, multiple addresses
 POP3 still used to download voicemail to your favorite email
client (Outlook, Eudora, Pine, etc.)

POP3
Email
VPIM Browser

PBX SIP/H.323
Plain
Unified Unified
Phone
Messaging Messaging
System System SIP
Device
 Call Detail Records
• To be able to run reports and bill, Call Detail Records (CDRs) must
be recorded for each call:
Time Reason From To Duratio Details
n
16:45 Call req. 5551212 6663434 01:45 Normal disc.

With VoIP far more detail is necessary:

 Packets transmitted
 Packets lost
 Jitter
 Delay
 Call Control / Gateway used
 Codec used
…
 Invisible Internet Telephony
VoIP technology will appear in . . .
 Internet appliances
 home security cameras, web cams
 3G mobile terminals
 fire alarms
 chat/IM tools
 interactive multiplayer games
VoIP Summary: Big Picture