Research Tips and Guidelines

Oral Defense
(Preparation and Presentation)

For Research and Case Study
2
Research Paper Thesis
Written as part of the subject and does not commonly Document written in support of obtaining an
count as separate subject or module and thus does academic degree or qualification and it is a separate
not require an individual supervisor subject.
Research paper may only take few weeks or months Longer than research paper and thus completed in
to take number of years
Approx of 50 to 60 pages Approx of 100 to 130 pages
Written in support of completing a subject and not a Associated with postgraduate studies and is carried
degree, usually used only as requirement in the class out under a supervision of a professor or an academic
of a university
Research have one goal Thesis have more than one research goal
The teacher, professor does not have the obligation to The professor or supervisor has the obligation to
meet with the student one on one on regular basis to meet with the student on regular basis one on one to
check the progress of research paper discuss the progress of thesis writing
Oral Defense
An Oral Defense can be required to defend the
proposal and/or the completer research
(thesis/dissertation)
Guidelines for Oral Presentation
Keep it on time (10 to 15 minutes maximum presentation)
No need to mention the citation
Do not use hyperlink
9 to 10 slides is enough
Do not read from the slides
Don’t make you audience/panel read your slides
3 to 5 bullet rules in every slides (the most important)
Look at the graphs and tables and divide time accordingly
Guidelines for Presenters
Create a Slide Deck to be presented for each of the following topics:
1. Research Title and your Name
2. How you develop an interest in your research topic
3. The Research Problem
4. The Purpose of Study
5. The Participants/ Subjects
6. The Research Question and Hypotheses
7. The Design and Procedures
8. The Findings and Results
9. Conclusions and Implications
Research Paper Outline
I. Preliminaries
a. Title Page
b. Approval Sheet
c. Acknowledgements
d. Table of Contents
e. List of Tables
f. List of Figures
g. Abstract
II. Introduction
a. Background of the Study
b. Statement of the Problem
c. Objectives of the Study
d. Hypothesis of the Study
e. Significance of the Study
f. Scope and limitation
g. Definition of Terms*
h. Conceptual and Theoretical Framework
• If Applicable to your study
III. Review of Related Literature**
IV. Research Design and Methodology**
a. Research Design
b. Subject of the Study
c. Population/Respondents of the Study
d. Data Gathering Procedures
e. Data Analysis Method and Procedures
V. Research Results and Findings
VI. Conclusion
VII. Recommendations
VIII. Bibliography/References
**Can be included in the research introduction section of the paper
Guidelines and Tips
• Prepare a professional presentation and expect to be interrupted
with probing questions.
• If a question is asked that gives you discomfort or confuses you, ask

for more information about the question. Ask for clarification of one
or more aspects of the question. This approach can give you
additional 10 to 30 seconds of precious time to think of an
appropriate response.
• Be clear on the time allotted for an oral defense
Guidelines and Tips
• If possible, try to limit your planned presentation to about one-third of
the total time of defense.
• Regardless of the nature of committee members’ comments, never show

anger or other negative emotions. There is an attitude among faculty
members to try to make oral defense as difficult as possible for the
student. You want to be prepared for the one with a confrontational
approach. Always stay calm.
Guidelines and Tips
• Always accept blame and responsibility for omissions, typographical
error and erroneous writing
• At this stage the standards of quality are always higher than previously
accepted. If you are defending your complete research, expect extremely high
standards.
• At an Oral Defense, your verbal communications skills are just as important as
the written quality of your manuscript. A mock oral defense will be conducted
Guidelines and Tips
For QUANTITATIVE STUDY the minimum number of
respondents accepted is 30 respondents (accepted)
For QUALITATIVE STUDY the minimum number of
respondents would be at least 10 (accepted)
Schedule of Oral Presentation
(General Academic Strand)
March 2020 (Final date to be announced)
Presentation will be on a draw lots basis
Name tag (Last Name and First Name Initial) is
required
Wear complete uniform
Research Title Defense
(Preparation and
Presentation)
Title Defense Paper and Other Important
Reminders
The Research Title defense paper should contain the
following parts:
Title
Introduction
- Background of the study
- Statement of the Problem
- Theoretical or Conceptual Framework
Reminders
Methodology
- Research Method
- Data gathering procedure (with flowchart if applicable)
- Instrumentation
- Research Locale
- Participants and Sampling Technique
References
Reminders
IMPORTANT:
1. The paper must be stated on a future tense to explain
how will you do your research since this is still a title
proposal
2. The paper margin should be set 1.5 inch left and 1 inch
on the right side.
3. Font style: Times New Roman
4. Font size: 12
5. Paper size: 8.5x11 (short bond paper)
Reminders
IMPORTANT:
6. In-text citations should be made, and references
should also be complied at the end of the paper
following the APA sixth edition style format.
7. A copy of the paper should be submitted on the
scheduled date and time of the title defense.
8. Paper should be stapled or clipped. Do not use
folder
PERFORMANCE TASK (Part 1)
1.Getting Started: Deciding on a topic for
research
Identify a topic of interest.
Something that you have read about
Something a friend might have told you
Something that you are curious about
Something that is relevant to a particular group
in the society or to the whole society, in general
2.Focus on the topic of interest: Describe the
topic of interest
Provide a short description of the topic.
1. What is about the topic you are interested in?
2. What aspect of the topic that you would like to study and
why?
3. What do you want to find out or discover?
4. What concerns do you have in pursuing your topic of
interest that may require advise on ethical principles from
your teacher or research adviser? (DO NOT ANSWER)
FIELD OF STUDY OR TOPIC OF INTEREST
Health Information Drug Addiction Entrepreneurship
Technology
Stress and Social Media Early/Teenage Speech and
Depression Pregnancy Communication
History Sports Gadgets Foods
Psychology Academics Bullying Study habits
Corruption Climate Change Single Parenting LGBTQ
Guidance and Poverty Gaming Voter Preferences

Counseling (Online/Traditional) (Election)
Entertainment Cultures and Traffic rules and Agriculture and
(TV and Internet) Tradition Motorists Farming
Topics on Topics on Education Topics on Topics on
Medicine Environment Entertainment and
Sports
Animal Testing Standardized Test Global Warming Social Networks
Obesity College Graduate Recycling Violent video games
Sleeping Habits Use of Tech in Teaching Overpopulation Beauty contests
Vaccines Social media in school Effects of Earthquakes Television programs
Prescription Managing Bullies Storms and Hurricanes Gaming consoles
Drugs
Drug Addiction Absenteeism in school Nuclear Power Music
Malnourishmen Expense of Education Deforestation Game competition
t
Topics on Topics on Topics on Science & Topics on Culture
Politics Psychology Technology
Drinking Age Behavioral Patterns Treatment of diseases Racial discrimination
Gun Control Child Violence Artificial Intelligence Advertising and
commercials
Death Penalty Mental Breakdown Alternative energy Pop culture on youth
Workforce Insomnia effects on Hybrid cars Cultural revolution
Reduction health throughout history
Socialism Stress Identity Theft Influence of culture
Territory Depression Improvement on Roots of antisemitism
Conflict communication
Abortion Gifted People Wireless technology Comprehension of past
event
Topics on Math Topics in Business Topics in History Topics in Literature
Influence of Impact of climate change in Factors initiated world war II How Harry Potter Reflects
Algorithms business the Ideal of Time
Monopoly Strategy How dirty business work Consequences of women Why Authors use
suffrage Metaphors and Similes
Why “x” is the Build a successful business Impact of Martin Luther Fiction as an instrument of
unknown King protest on Catholic propaganda
Church
How math change the Ethical decision making in How Asian Art influence Romance and Sex in
world everyday work Contemporary Art Renaissance
Relationship between Entrepreneurship and family Egyptian Civilization Literature on Modern
music and math business Society
Are formulas ever Can we start business with How monetary system The Filipino Literature
used in real life? no money? affect the dev’t of humanity
Most confusing math Strategies in promoting The most effective military Factors in identifying genre
problems ever small business strategy of all time of novel you are reading
Topics in Religion Topics in Law
Depiction of Bisexuality in Bible How Islamic Law perceived around the globe
Creationism The impact of reproductive health law

Christianity Implementation of Death Penalty
Religion and Sex Sogie Bill is it worth?
Women and Religion Is the campaign against drugs really effective?
How do teenagers perceive religion Impact of women’s authority in different

countries
Modernism and Religion Lowering the age on criminal liabilites

Topics in Social Media
Why do people prefer scandals in social media?
Why do newspaper still exist in the internet age?
Social Advertising: Does it work?
Are modern media biased?
Media as instrument of propaganda
How schools benefit and lose when letting their school children use social media
How do social networks make person addicted to social media and can a person treat that
addiction?
Human Values Before and After Social Media Creation
Should parents control their children’s activity on social networks? Pros and cons of parents
hyperprotection
3.Complete the sentences:
My proposed study is about:________________
________________________________________
In the study I would like to look into: _________
________________________________________
The purpose of our research is to: ____________
________________________________________
1.Draft a working title:
A working title is important at this early stage
to help focus the direction of your study.
You can always change it as you progress with
your research.
The language or the words that you will use to
describe your title must reflect the kind of
research, either qualitative or quantitative
2.Complete the sentences:
Our study’s tentative title is:
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
3.Evaluate research topic:
1. Will you use qualitative or quantitative research

paradigm or mixed?
2. What data will you need for the study?
3. Are the data available and accessible?
4. Can the topic sustain your interest?
5. Who will be the target respondent of your research?
31
Using the information from your PERFORMANCE TASK (Part 1
and 2), construct your informed consent letter, you can use
Filipino language if needed.

32 Sample Informed Consent Letter
Title of Research – Write the title of the research
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________
Students Researcher’s Name – Write your name and contact

information
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________
Purpose of Study – Describe the nature of the research, the
research questions, and research objectives. Include the expected
duration as well as why and how the research participants are
selected for the study
________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Procedures – Describe how the study will be conducted (i.e.,
research methods) and nature of participation of prospective
research participants in the study, (e.g., will they answer a survey, or
will they be interviewed, or join a focus group discussion, etc.)
________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Confidentiality - Describe any confidentiality protections
provided and limits of confidentiality, if there are any. If none,
then complete this section on your own and ensure the
prospective research participants the confidentiality of
information that will be collected from them by answering
the following questions.
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Questions to consider when filling out the Confidentiality Section
1. How will you ensure that the data collected will remain
confidential? Will their names appear on any data collected, or
instead, will there be a unique identification number on their data?
2. What do you intend to do with the results from the study? Will you
publish the results, if so where? Will you present this findings at
conferences?
3. Who will have access to the data? Will your teacher have an access
to the data?
4. How will the data remain secure through the duration of the study
and how will the data be destroyed if these are no longer needed
All the information you provide will be strictly confidential
Note about voluntary nature of participation: Inform the
research participants that their agreement to participate is
completely voluntary, and that they are free to opt out of the
study before, during or after their initial participation.
Your participation is voluntary. You may refuse to participate
or may discontinue your participation at any time during the
study.
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________
Note about the risks and benefits of the study: Describe any
potential risks that will come with the participation of the
research participants and the procedures that are set in place
to deal with potential risks. Mention, too, if there will be any
compensation for the participants, in cash or kind, but make
sure that it will induce or “pressure” them to participate
against their better judgement.
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________
Note about inquiries from research participants: Provide
here how the research participants can contact you in case
they have questions or inquiries about your research and
their participation in your research.
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
41
Sample Informed Consent Letter
Participants agreement statement:
I have read and understood the information about the study

and my participation in the study. I voluntarily agree to
participate in this study.
Name of the Participant Date

43 CASE STUDY
REQUIRED SECTIONS
I. Executive Summary (Last thing to work on)
II. Statement of the Problem
III. Causes of the Problem
IV. Decision Criteria and Alternative Solution
V. Recommended Solution, Implementation and
Justification
VII. External Sourcing or References (At least 5)
*Manuel, Ron Mark, Johnwell

1.Working in your Research Introduction:
A. Background of the study
B. Statement of the problem
C. Theoretical or conceptual framework
D. Research hypothesis
E. Definition of terms (optional)
F. Significance of study
G. Scope and limitation of study
A. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
To describe the background of the study, the researcher

must use data published in other works about the subject
Must clearly show that the issue or problem leads to the

necessity of conducting a study about the topic
A. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY (TIPS)
1. Develop an opening sentence that will attract the reader’s
interest and convey issue that audience will relate
2. Refrain from using idiomatic expression
3. Use statistical data or numerical figures as they create
good impact
4. Clearly identify the research problem or issue that leads to
the study
5. State the reasons why the research problem is important
by providing a number of references.
BACKGROUND STUDY (EXAMPLE)
Title: Comparing the Effectivity of Glutinous Rice Starch and
Cassava Starch in making Biodegradable Plastic
Background of the Study:

Plastics are part of our daily lives. Unfortunately, that
doesn’t mean they are safe or responsible. Most of the
things we buy used disposal plastic packaging, cosmetics
straw, even fishing nets. Plastics are not inherently bad, and
they have many redeeming ecological features, in fact, many
of the techniques we utilize in our designs involve targeted
use of plastic products.
Background of the Study (Continuation)
The durability and low maintenance reduce material

replacement. Their lightweight reduced shipping energy,
their formulation into glue products allows for the creation
of engineered lumber and sheet products from recycled
wood and their formulation into superior insulation and
sealant products improves the energy performance of our
structures
Background of the Study (Continuation)
Plastics pose a threat to the environment because the

breakdown of different types of plastic lead to the release of
various toxic chemicals.
Using glutinous rice is in developing biodegradable plastic is

one big step to lessen, if not to eliminate, our global
concerns, “Malagkit” is tagalog word for glutinous rice. Here
in the Philippines. It is widely used in making native
delicacies such as suman, puto, biko, etc.
B. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
It is composed of the different questions that the entire

study will answer.
There are two main parts of the statement: General

Question or Main Question of the Study which indicates
the main problem of the study and Specific Questions
which are detailed questions that the study will answer.
B. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM (Example)
The study wants to find the relationship of poverty with corruption and
overpopulation in the Philippines. It hopes to answer the following questions:
Main Question: What is the relationship of corruption and overpopulation
with poverty incidence in the Philippines?
Specific Question:
1. What are poverty, corruption and overpopulation?
2. How do corruption and poverty correlate?
3. What is the effect of overpopulation on the country’s poverty rate?
4. How do Philippine government and nongovernmental organizations
explain the relationship of poverty with corruption?
C. THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Theoretical Framework: application of theory or theories in

explaining the existence of a phenomenon and the
interrelationship of various factors which led to the existence
of the phenomenon. (Qualitative)
Conceptual Framework: uses concepts from theories.

Researcher finds a variable in the study that corresponds to the
concept as it was used in the theory from which it was taken
(Quantitative)
54
Statement of the Research Problem

- Include the rationale of conducting the research
Rationale
- includes an elaboration of the central focus or
phenomenon being explored or understood in the study.
- Explanation of what makes the research worth
investigating
- Contains the significance of the study and identifies the
benefits and beneficiaries of the research
55
Example of Statement of the Research Problem

“The research attempts to find the frequency
of job layoffs that is creating fear, anxiety, and
a loss of productivity in middle management
workers.”
56
Example of Statement of the Research Problem

“This research attempts to find evidences to
the Women as the Others; Its Impact and
Cause to Third Party Themed Filmed
Audience”
57
A Complete Problem Statement is composed of:

1. General problem
2. Specific problem (with number and supported
with a citation – for quantitative)
3. Description of Study Type
4. Population being studied
5. Geographical location of the study
A Qualitative Problem Statement Example
Brain drain in the Philippines is increasing (GENERAL PROBLEM). Every year it

assumed that many professionals migrate to other country due unsatisfactory
to working conditions (SPECIFIC PROBLEM). This brain drain is different from
previous shortages, because it involves not only fresh graduates but also
season professionals. The crisis in the professional industry requires
innovative solutions. One innovative solution may be a less structured
leadership style. This qualitative study (DESCRIPTION STUDY TYPE) will
explore perceptions of professionals in the Philippines (POPULATION BEING
STUDIED) about steward leadership as a strategy to alleviate or reduce factors
contributing brain drain among professionals in RIENA (GEOGRAPHICAL
LOCATION OF THE STUDY). The data to be gathered in this study may provide
leaders with information relating how they may address mitigating factors
contributing to the current brain drain.
C. THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK (Example)
Vulnerability
Hazard
Children Disaster
Typhoon
Homeless People
Earthquake
Poor
D. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
Can be stated as a prediction or an expected outcome in

the future.
Logically connected to a research question and a theory.
It can be falsified that is it can be verified through the use

of empirical evidence.
D. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS (Examples)
Couples who go to church often have a lower chances of
separating compared to couples who seldom attend
masses. (Relationship of those active in church on their
life relationship with love ones)
Double standards still exist in popular mass media in the
Philippines. (Is double standard society exists in the
Philippine Media)
Religion influences the voting patterns of Filipinos in the
provinces. (Does religion influences the voting patterns of
Filipinos in the Provinces?)
E. SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
Explains its relevance and contribution to the field.
State the contribution of the study to the body of

knowledge about the subject matter
You must identify which sector will gain much from the
study and explain what each sector will gain from the
research.
E. SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY (Example)
> The findings of this study will redound to the benefit of
society considering that mathematics plays an important role
in science and technologies today. The greater demand for
graduates with mathematics background justifies the need
for more effective, life-changing teaching approaches. Thus,
schools that apply recommended approach derived from the
results of this study will be able to train student better.
Administrators will be guided on what should be emphasized
by teachers in the school curriculum to improve students
performance in mathematics.
F. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
Define the extent and focus of the research
Scope – refers to the specific topics or coverage of the
research. Should clearly explain the geographic location of
the study, the people/population to be studied, the time
period of the research and questions to be answered by the
study
 Limitation – parameters of the research, they are the
topics that the researcher will not look in his or her study.
Provides readers with clear guide of the limits and
conditions of the research.
F. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY (Example 1)
• The scope area of the study is urban residential area in Quezon
City, Philippines. The Study is conducted on sampling of household
survey.
• Limitation is only to energy use contributing of carbon emissions in
residential sectors from anthropogenic activities.
• The assumption is that energy and carbon emissions resulted on
transport purpose is getting from gasoline fuel cooking purpose is
from LPG fuel, and electricity purpose is from home and appliance
and equipment use.
• Residential density is calculated on the basis of gross land area
referring to the total land area of a residential area.
F. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY (Example 2)
• This study is primarily focused on the assessment of the nutritional
value in street foods and the street vendors’ performance in terms
of safety and quality of their products. The researchers aim is to
describe the compliance of the street vendors in handling food
products according to the policies and protocol implemented by
the Philippine National Standard for Food Products in terms of
nutrition and sanitation. This study will be conducted at M.L.
Quezon Street, Brgy San Roque, Antipolo City. This study was
conducted on the second semester of SY 2018 – 2019.
Title Defense (Equivalent to Periodical Test)
Guidelines
1. Presentation is by group. Grading is individual
2. Each group will be given 10 minutes to present proposal
(Background of study; significance of study; conceptual
or theoretical framework; scope and limitation; review of
related literature; research methodology and design and
projected timeline.)
Title Defense
Guidelines for Introduction
1. Background of the study:
Familiarization of the general topic
Previous and current issues (if applicable)
2. Statement of the problem:
Indication of the gap/weakness or opportunity of needs
3. Significance of Study:
Value, Benefits
4. Scope and Delimitation
Indication of Focus and Not to Cover
Title Defense
Guidelines for Methodology
1. Theoretical and Conceptual Framework
Illustration in diagrams and charts etc.
2. Research Design and Methodology
The approach the you will be using in collecting and gathering
your data
Title Defense Grading System
Criteria for Evaluation Equivalent Points Grade
I. Title – Proposed title is appropriate to the study 20
II. Introduction
 Sufficient background about the study is given 5
 The significance of study is clearly explained 10
 The Scope and Limitations of the study is well-defined 10
 Research design and methodology is clearly stated 10
 Similar designs and improvement to be made clearly discussed 5
III. Oral Presentation

 The student displayed thorough mastery of the study being proposed 10
 The student was able to communicate the proposal to the panel 10
 The student presented well-prepared visuals to facilitate the discussion of the 10
study
 The student answered all questions raised by the panel 10
A. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A written summary of published research studies and relevant
work about particular subject matter that is related to the
researcher’s main topic.
Provides researcher with sources of information that he or she can
use to learn more about his or her chosen topic.
Sources: Periodicals (news papers, magazines, internet news etc.);
Scholarly journals; Books; Government documents; Policy reports
and conference papers.
2. Working your REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A written summary of published research studies and relevant
work about particular subject matter that is related to the
researcher’s main topic.
Provides researcher with sources of information that he or she can
use to learn more about his or her chosen topic.
Sources: Periodicals (news papers, magazines, internet news etc.);
Scholarly journals; Books; Government documents; Policy reports
and conference papers.
2. Sources of REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Google Scholar
Eric.edu.gov
Science Direct
News websites (e.g ABS CBN News)
Books
Government Documents
Policy Reports
Conference Papers
3. TYPES REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. Integrative Review – (Summary or Abstracts of Research)

B. Theoretical Review – ( Theories used in Research)
C. Methodological Review – (Methods used in Research)
SEARCH ENGINES FOR LINKS
DIFFERENT RESEARCH ARTICLES
Google Scholar https://scholar.google.com.ph
Science Direct https://www.sciencedirect.com
Elsevier https://www.elsevier.com
WorldCat https://www.worldcat.org
Ebscohost https://search.ebscohost.com
ProQuest https://www.proquest.com
ERIC https://eric.ed.gov
80
Review of related literature
3. Working on your Research Design and Methodology
A. Research design
B. Subject of the study
C. Population/Respondents of your Study
D. Data gathering procedures
E. Data analysis method and procedures
A. RESEARCH DESIGN (Research Strategy)
- Refers to action plan and research procedures
developed by the researcher in order to
successfully answer the research problem. The
researcher must consider the research questions
and objectives, the readers, the geographical
location and personal experiences, time and
financial resources.
A. Types of RESEARCH DESIGN or (Research Strategy)
Qualitative Research Design – explores and understands a topic or

problem through a process that involves questions and procedures,
data collection, data analysis and data interpretation
Quantitative Research Design – Objective theories as well as
hypotheses are tested through the examination of the relationship
among concepts or variables, which can be measured through the
use of research instruments like statistical procedures.
Mixed Research Design
Factors Questions
Research questions and objectives What is the research problem?
What is the purpose of the study?
What are the objectives of the research?
Readers Who are the intended readers of the study?

Who are the beneficiaries of the study?
Geographical location and distribution of the Where is the geographical focus of the study?
population of study Where is the study to be undertaken?
Who are the people or groups of people under
study?
Personal experiences, time and financial How do factors like personal experiences, time,
resources and financial resources affect the research
process and outcome?
The methodology (Qualitative, quantitative or Is the research qualitative or quantitative?

mixed methods) What is the most appropriate qualitative or
quantitative research method that will be used
in the research? Why do you think so?
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Parts of a Research Design
1. Clearly identify and state the purpose or objective of the research
• Exploratory research – goal is to explore a new topic or problem
because no one has researched or written something about it.
• Descriptive research – goal is to provide picture of the concepts or
ideas about a topic or problem.
• Explanatory research – aims to explain the reasons and causes of a
problem or issue.
2. Researcher may identify the nature of the study
• Causal Study – aims to understand the cause of one or more
problems (Ex. Does population growth cause an increase in poverty
rate among developing countries?)
• Correlational Study – examine important variables related to the
problem. (Ex. Do drug addiction, alcoholism, and cigarette
addiction cause cancer? If so, which contributes most to the
variance in the dependent variable?
3. The researcher must discuss the extent of his or her interference
or involvement in the study.
4. The researcher must explain the setting or the research.
5. The research design must explain the unit of analysis or the
population.
6. The research design must specify the time dimension of the study.
7. The researcher design must clearly discuss the data collection
method or research methodology to be used in the study.
8. The research design must explain the sampling method to be used
in the research.
B. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- Are methods of collecting analyzing and
interpreting data. The type of research
determines the methodology and procedures
that the researcher will use in his or her study to
explain in a research paper report.
B. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Types of Research Methodologies
Qualitative Research Methodologies
Quantitative Research Methodologies

Quantitative Research Methodologies
• Survey Research – provides numerical
description of trends, attitudes or opinions of a
population by studying a sample population.
> Open-ended question
> Close-ended question
• Experimental Research – researcher does something
to one group and none to another group and then
examines the differences between outcomes.
• Content Analysis – gathering and analyzing the
content of the text. Refers to anything written, or in
visual or oral form that serves as medium of
communication.
Qualitative Research Methodologies
• Field Research – also called ethnography or participant
observation research wherein the researcher directly
interacts and observes in a small-scale social setting in the
present time and in the researcher’s own culture.
• Conducting Interview – to gather and collect information
based on the experiences of the subjects or participants of
study. Provides information that cannot be elicited from a
direct observation.
• Focus Group Discussion – the researcher gathers 6 to 12
persons in a room to discuss their response to questions
about a certain issue or problem. The discussion is free-
flowing, open and non confrontational, and it is facilitated
by a moderator.
• Ethnography – search for predictable patterns in the lived
human experiences by carefully observing and participating
in the lives of those under study.
• Case Study – is a strategy or research method in which the
researcher conducts an up-close or in-depth study of an
individual, an organization, a behavioral condition, an event
or contemporary phenomenon in its social context.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY (Sampling Method)
• Haphazard Sample – getting cases in any manner that is
convenient to the researcher.
• Quota Sample – identifying significant categories of people
and then deciding on the number of people to include in
each category.
• Purposive or judgement – done by getting all possible
cases that fit a particular criteria using different methods.
• Snowball Sampling – used to identify and sample network
cases. Gets cases using referrals from one or a few cases
and from these referrals.
• Deviant case sampling – find a group of unusual distinct
cases that do not represent the whole population.
• Sequential sample – drawn by getting every possible case
until there is no additional information or until all diversity
of cases have been filled up.
• Simple Random – random sample from the whole
population
• Stratified Random Sample – random sample from
identified groups
• Cluster – random sample of successive clusters of subjects
until small groups are chosen subjects.
• Stage – combination of cluster and random sampling of
individuals.
Examples of Population: Quantitative and Qualitative
1. All Filipinos who are 20 years old or older who have been
working in the Philippines since January 1, 2018 and who have
not been imprisoned.
2. All fast food restaurants in the Philippines that have employed
more than 50 employees since June of 2015.
3. All outpatients of private hospitals in Manila between July 2,
2014 and August 30, 2015
4. All college students who graduated in Cebu from April 1, 2016
to April 1, 2018.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY (Instruments Used)
Levels of Measurement Scale and Indexes
Nominal Binary Scale
Ordinal Likert Scale
Interval Semantic Differential Scale
Ratio Guttman Scale
Template on Research Design and Methodology:
The study will (explain/analyze/discuss, etc.) the (research
problem/objectives of the study). It will use the (research method)
to answer the problem. In this paper, the researcher will (Explain
how the data will be gathered. Specify the population, sampling
method, instruments, and other information that is relevant to the
gathering and collection of data).
Data collection/gathering procedures:
Population: (If applicable)
Sampling method: (If applicable)
Instruments: (If applicable)
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF METHODS
QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS
In quantitative research, the researcher uses computers to
analyze data.
1. Data Coding
2. Statistical Analysis
3. Using Graphs
QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS
Researchers propose explanations about the
social world based on concrete data or evidence
and specific contexts. They use general ideas,
themes, or concepts to make generalizations or
conclusions.
1. Developing Concepts – researcher organizes
data into categories based on themes, concepts
or similar characteristics, then develops new
concept or proposes conceptual definitions.
2. Coding data – Data are coded differently;
researchers organize the data into conceptual
groups or clusters to produce themes or
concepts.
3. Narrative approach – data are analyzed by
narrating details in order to develop a coherent,
chronological, and well-organized history.
4. Developing ideal types – they are used as basis or
standards to compare data that represent reality.
5. Successive approximation – researchers analyze
data by repeating the research process that include
asking questions, probing and creating data and
developing a theory until such time that the gap
between evidence and theory fades away.
HOW TO ANALYZE AND INTERPRET DATA RESULTS
Analyzing Quantitative Data
1. For survey research, he she must report the number
of respondents who return and did not return the
surveys. A table should be used to show the number
and percentages that describe the respondents and
non respondents of study.
2. The researcher must disclose the method used to
determine response bias or the result of respondents
who did not reply on the results of the survey
estimates. The procedures used to determine
response bias must be explained.
3. The researcher conducts descriptive analysis of data
which includes computation of the means, standard
deviation and range of scores for the variables used in
the study. If experimental, research must report the
descriptive statistics computed during the
observations and pretest and posttest stages of the
experiment.
4. The researcher does statistical analysis of data. (You
should refer to statistical books and references or ask
statisticians to help you do statistical analysis of your
data)
5. The researcher can use tables, figures, charts, bar or
line graphs, maps, pictures, and other visual evidence
to present and explain data results.
6. When interpreting data the researcher must report
if the statistical test result are significant statistically or
not.
Analyzing Qualitative Data
1. Organize and prepare the data for analysis.
Interviews must be transcribed, materials scanned,
field notes computerized, and historical data organized
in note cards.
2. Read all the data collected and answer the ff:
a. What are the general ideas mentioned?
b. What is the tone of the ideas?
c. What is your impression of the overall depth,
credibility, and purpose of the information?
3. Do a coding analysis:
a. Build up whole picture of the data collected.
b. Identify and explain the content relevance and purpose of all the sources
that you collected.
c. Make a list of all topics that you have developed from the sources
collected.
d. Identify the topics of each part of the text or source that you have
collected.
e. Write descriptive words to explain the topics of the text or sources to
convert them into categories by grouping related topics.
f. Determine the category for each group of topics.
4. Use the coding process to produce a description of
the setting or people, including categories or themes
for data analysis.
5. Explain how description and themes will be
expressed and explained in the research narrative.
6. Explain the lessons learned from the data. Lessons
ca be based on your personal interpretation.
WRITING RESEARCH FINDINGS
1. Research findings can either prove or disprove the
hypothesis of the study.
2. Provide the summary of the results and explanation of
the major research findings and second explain each of
the major results thoroughly.
3. > Restate the research problem so that it properly
contextualize the discussion of the research findings
> Use tables and figures to illustrate, summarize,
categorize and organizing the results of the study.
WRITING RESEARCH FINDINGS
4. Use past tense when presenting the results of the study
5. Use the templates shown earlier when using tables and
illustrations in the study.
DRAWING CONCLUSIONS
1. A conclusion must be concise and direct to the point.
2. A conclusion must be explain from specific to general.
Starts explaining the research problem (specific).
Then, it explains how the study adds new
understanding or fills an important gap in the
literature.
3. Briefly explain how the study contributes to know
knowledge or how it provides a new understanding or
interpretation about the research problem.

Research Tips and Guidelines

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Oral Defense

(Preparation and Presentation)

Approx of 50 to 60 pages Approx of 100 to 130 pages

• If a question is asked that gives you discomfort or confuses you, ask

• Regardless of the nature of committee members’ comments, never show

Guidance and Poverty Gaming Voter Preferences

Creationism The impact of reproductive health law

How do teenagers perceive religion Impact of women’s authority in different

Modernism and Religion Lowering the age on criminal liabilites

1. Will you use qualitative or quantitative research

PERFORMANCE TASK (Part 3)

Using the information from your PERFORMANCE TASK (Part 1

Filipino language if needed.

Students Researcher’s Name – Write your name and contact

I have read and understood the information about the study

Name of the Participant Date

*Manuel, Ron Mark, Johnwell

To describe the background of the study, the researcher

Must clearly show that the issue or problem leads to the

Background of the Study:

The durability and low maintenance reduce material

Plastics pose a threat to the environment because the

Using glutinous rice is in developing biodegradable plastic is

It is composed of the different questions that the entire

There are two main parts of the statement: General

Theoretical Framework: application of theory or theories in

Conceptual Framework: uses concepts from theories.

Statement of the Research Problem

Example of Statement of the Research Problem

Example of Statement of the Research Problem

A Complete Problem Statement is composed of:

Brain drain in the Philippines is increasing (GENERAL PROBLEM). Every year it

Can be stated as a prediction or an expected outcome in

It can be falsified that is it can be verified through the use

Explains its relevance and contribution to the field.

State the contribution of the study to the body of

I. Title – Proposed title is appropriate to the study 20

III. Oral Presentation

A. Integrative Review – (Summary or Abstracts of Research)

Google Scholar https://scholar.google.com.ph

Science Direct https://www.sciencedirect.com

Qualitative Research Design – explores and understands a topic or

Readers Who are the intended readers of the study?

The methodology (Qualitative, quantitative or Is the research qualitative or quantitative?

Qualitative Research Methodologies

Quantitative Research Methodologies

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