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PARASITOLOGY
Cindy M. De La Cruz
Veterinarian II
Fish Health Laboratory
National Fisheries Laboratory Division
diddidelacruz09@gmail.com
Outline
Diagnosis
Staining, Fixation, Preservation
Classification of Parasites
Diagnosing
Parasites
Sampling
• 30 samples per population – biased
sampling
http://pcetimelytopics.blogspot.com/
Diagnostic Techniques
• Gill biopsy
• Skin cytology
• Necropsy
EXAMINATION FOR
EXTERNAL PARASITES ON
GILLS
PRESERVATION, FIXATION
AND STAINING
E.Nematodes Hot Acetic Acid Clear in Glycerine solution, store in 70% alcohol
F.Acanthocephalans Cool until proboscis everts; AFA overnight 70% ethyl alcohol
G.Crustaceans 70% ethyl alcohol, overnight 70% ethyl alcohol with 5% glycerine
CLASSIFICATIONS
OF PARASITES
Classification of
parasites
PROTOZ CESTODES CRUSTAC
OA EAN
trematodes
NEMATODES PARASIT
ES
N
PARASI
-external or internal parasites
Classifications of Protozoa
Flagellates
Ciliates
18
Protozoa- Flagellates
Flagellates - characterized by one or more flagella to aid in a whip like
motion
Causative agents:
1. Amyloodinium- attached to the gill filaments or body surface
-causes ‘velvet disease’ in marine fishes
en.wikipedia.org
massmind.org
Fig.2 Amyloodinium on skin; velvety appearance
Fig.1 Amyloodinium in gills
Photos by massmind.com
Protozoa- Flagellates
19
edis.ifas.ufl.edu
usgs.gov
Protozoa-
20
Life cycle
Flagellates
SPECIES
AFFECTED GROSS SIGNS
-wide range of freshwater -Fish often come to the water
and marine fishes surface or gather near the zone
of aeration. Pale gills and
darkening of the body surface
are also noticed.
21
GROSS SIGNS
� Darkening of body surface � Pale gills
Protozoa-
EFFECTS ON
HOST
DIAGNOSI
S
Flagellates
-Destroy gills and skin, high -Diagnosis is by the
or mass mortality, if not squash preparation of PREVENTION
treated. Sick fishes are dark mucous from gills, skin
in colour and extremely thin. and fins in case of AND CONTROL
external parasites and Copper sulphate bath (0.5 ppm)
intestinal contents in for 3-5 days with good aeration
case of internal and a daily replenishment of
parasites water. Short bath treatment with
200 ppm formalin for 1 hr with
good aeration is also
recommended.
Protozoa- Ciliates
23
Protozoa-
Life cycle
Ciliates
SPECIES
AFFECTED GROSS SIGNS
I. multifilis- freshwater fishes Skin and gill irritation displayed by
C.irritans- marine fishes flashing, rubbing and rapid
breathing. Infected fish show tiny
white spots on the fins and skin
when infection has reached the
mature stage, increased mucus
production; fish often rub against
submerged objects.
Protozoa- DIAGNOSIS
Ciliates
-Microscopic examination of the PREVENTION AND
mucous from skin and gills may
reveal round or oval parasites CONTROL
with cilia and horse shoe shaped Ich- An elevation of water temperature to
macronucleus typical of ciliates. 30º C for 6 hr. daily for 3-5 days; 0.05%
salinity shock; 100 ppm formalin for 1 hr
for 2-3 days.
Cryptocaryon - Copper sulphate bath (0.5
ppm) for 5-7 days with good aeration and
EFFECTS ON daily replenishment of water. Long bath
treatment with 25- ppm formalin, for 5-7
HOST days with good aeration and replacement
-massive mortality within a short of treated water daily.
time
Protozoa- Ciliates
26
27
3. Trichodina spp
Classification of
parasites
PROTOZ
CESTODES CRUSTAC
OA EAN
trematodes
NEMATODES PARASIT
ES
TREMATODES
-external or internal flatworm parasites with adhesive structures
for attachment to the host
2 Groups:
Monogeneans and Digenean
Monogeneans
Monogenean parasites – comprise skin and gill Gill Fluke (HPO)
flukes infecting skin, gill and fins of fishes
- threatening to young fish with massive mortality
Causative agents:
1. Dactylogyrus
2.Gyrodactylus
3.Benedenia
tsusinvasives.org
Monogene
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES
National Fisheries Laboratory Division
ans
Monogeneans
EFFECTS ON HOST
-show pale gills and poor
appetite, erratic swimming
behaviour due to irritation
and heavy mucus
production on gills DIAGNOSIS PREVENTION AND
-parasite damage the host’s -Gross and microscopic CONTROL
tissues leading to examination of mucous -short bath treatment with
secondary bacterial from skin and gills. 200 ppm hydrogen peroxide
infections for 60 mins
-100-200 ppm formalin, with
strong aeration for 60mins
Digenean
Digenean parasites – mainly intestinal parasites
-infect the intestine or gall bladder
of fishes
Causative agents:
1. Lecithochirium spp.
2. Bucephalus spp.
3. Diplostomum spp- known to be pathogenic in fishes
Digenean
EFFECTS ON
HOST
-Affected fishes have black
ovoid patches on the body DIAGNOSIS PREVENTION
surface. These pigmented -Metacercariae are visible
patches are cysts of in various tissues and
AND CONTROL
adults in intestine. -controlling of molluscan host
metacercaria
in the culture facility would
reduce the transmission cycle
(larval stages) of the
parasites.
Classification of
parasites
PROTOZ
CESTODES CRUSTAC
OA EAN
trematodes
NEMATODES PARASIT
ES
Cestodes
-flattened body composed of an adhesive apical part called the ‘scolex’, a
germinative short segment referred to as the ‘neck’ and the strobilum with a
variable number of hermaphroditic proglottids
Causative agents:
1.Ligula intestinalis
2. Otobothrium penetrans 3. Diphyllobothrium latum
Cest
SPECIES
AFFECTED
odes
Wide range of GROSS SIGNS
freshwater and marine -emaciation, anemia,
fishes discolouration of the
skin and susceptibility
to secondary
infections
Cestodes
Wikimedia Commons
Cestodes DIAGNOSIS
-demonstration of the
PREVENTION
parasite within the
EFFECTS ON intestinal tract/body AND CONTROL
HOST cavity of the fish. -there are no known
-In heavy infection, treatments for larval
visible sign is greatly cestodes
swollen belly due to the -Praziquantel is being used
blocking of intestine. in aquarium industries.
Classification of
parasites
PROTOZ CESTODES CRUSTAC
OA EAN
trematodes
NEMATODES PARASIT
ES
Nematodes
GROSS
SIGNS
SPECIES -emaciation and
AFFECTED have discoloured
Siganids, catfish, body which is
seabass, grouper, sometimes
snapper, etc. swollen
depending on the
degree and
species of
infection.
Nematodes
Fishpathogens.net
Fish infected w/
Philonema spp.
Fishpathogens.net
EFFECTS ON
Nematodes
HOST DIAGNOSIS
-may impair feeding, -Gross examination and
resulting in emaciation dissection of the viscera
PREVENTION
and mild mortality or intestine with AND CONTROL
liquefied contents and -Elimination of
worms. intermediate hosts
-drying and disinfection of
culture facilities.
Classification of
parasites
PROTOZ CESTODES CRUSTAC
OA EAN
trematodes
NEMATODES PARASIT
ES
Crustacean Parasites
-Resemble in their general morphology with other crustaceans in having
segmented body, covered with exoskeleton and jointed appendages.
3 Groups
1. Branchiura
2. Copepoda
3. Isopoda
Crustaceans--==-- Branchiura
-Fish lice
-highly mobile and temporary parasites
-feed on tissue fluids and haemolymph of their hosts
LPO
Causative agents:
1. Argulus siamensis
2. A. indicus
3. A. foliaceus
Crustaceans--==--=-=-= Bra
GROSS
SPECIES SIGNS
-lethargy, irritation
AFFECTED and loss of
Catfish, carp, etc.
appetite.
-increased flashing,
agitation and
excess mucous
production
Crustaceans--==-- Branchiura
Argulus spp. Attached in skin
of fish
.
The Tay Foundation
tacians--==-- Copepods
Causative agents:
1. Caligus spp – Sea lice
-cause extensive irritation and nervous activity in marine fishes
2. Ergasilus spp. – Gill maggot
-found on the gills and branchial and nasal cavities of many fish
species where it feeds on blood and epithelium.
3. Lernaea spp - anchor worm
- typically a freshwater copepod
tacians--==-- Copepods
SPECIES
AFFECTED
Tilapia,seabass, GROSS SIGNS
mullet,grouper, -excessive mucus
pearl-spot, production and
snapper, etc. signs of irritation
including frequent
flashing
tacians--==-- Copepods
A. Caligus spp.
tacians--==-- Iso[pods
-hermaphrodites, living on the skin in the gill chambers or in the mouth of the host
fish
Causative agents:
1. Aegas spp.
2. Cirolana spp.
awesomeocean.com
Crustacians--
==-- Isopods
SPECIES AFFECTED
Tilapia, seabass, GROSS SIGNS
mullet, grouper, -frequent flashing
pearl-spot, snapper, -difficulty in
etc. feedingand thereby
emaciation is often
found.
Crustaceans--==-- Isopods
Crustaceans--==-- Isopods
Salcedo,2001
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