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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”


National Fisheries Laboratory Division
1

PARASITOLOGY

Cindy M. De La Cruz
Veterinarian II
Fish Health Laboratory
National Fisheries Laboratory Division
diddidelacruz09@gmail.com

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division
2

Outline
Diagnosis
Staining, Fixation, Preservation

Classification of Parasites

Zoonotic parasites in Philippines

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division
6

Diagnosing
Parasites

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division
4

Guidelines and Criteria for Parasitological Examination


1. Samples should be live/Freshly dead fish should be
examined as early as possible.
2. Macroscopic parasites will still be identifiable, if whole
fish or affected parts are swiftly submitted refrigerated.
3. Fix tissues and smears, especially of gills for long
distance transport.

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division
5

Guidelines and Criteria for Parasitological Examination


4. Frozen samples should not be used for parasitological
examination except for certain protozoa that resist freezing.
5. Anesthetics should not be used while dealing with
external parasites.
6. Avoid dryness of fish or the wet mount sample especially if
suspecting external protozoa.
7. Fixed material should include any affected tissue,
including parasites if sufficient examples (smears of gills,
blood and suspected parasitic lesions.

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division 7

Sampling
• 30 samples per population – biased
sampling

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division
8

What to select on biased sampling?


1.Flashing 2.rapid opercular movement

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division
9

What to select on biased sampling?

• piping at the surface Appearance of skin(w/


nodules,discoloration,ulceration

http://pcetimelytopics.blogspot.com/

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division
10

Diagnostic Techniques
• Gill biopsy
• Skin cytology
• Necropsy 

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10
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division
11

EXAMINATION FOR
EXTERNAL PARASITES ON
GILLS

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division 12

EXAMINATION FOR EXTERNAL PARASITES ON SKIN

Live fish sample


Scrape skin using a Place mucous scrapings
clean scalpel blade in a clean glass slide

Put a drop of saline and


Examine under microscope cover with glass slide

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division
13

PRESERVATION, FIXATION
AND STAINING

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


Parasite
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Fixation Mounting/Staining/Storage
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division
A. Protozoa    

1. Blood Protozoans A. air dry smear A. Stain with Giemsa


B. Fix in methanol(1min)
     
  A. Stain with 2% Silver Nitrate, 15 mins
2. Trichonids A. Air dry smear B. Rinse with distilled water 3x
  B. Wash with deionized water,3x,30 min each C. Transfer to a Petri dish with distilled water and
C. Air dry place under UV light, 20 min, air dry
D. Mount with Balsam

B. Myxosporeans A. Freeze samples or A.Smear on slide,dry


B. Fix in 10% buffered formalin B.Fix in 10%bufffered formalin
C.Stain with giemsa,25 min
D.Wash in distilled water and air dry

C.Monogeneans A.Relax in hot water,transfer to cold AFA(alcohol- A. 70% ethyl alcohol


formalin-acetic acid)

D.Cestodes Cool in refrigerator, AFA, overnight A.70% alcohol

E.Nematodes Hot Acetic Acid Clear in Glycerine solution, store in 70% alcohol

F.Acanthocephalans Cool until proboscis everts; AFA overnight 70% ethyl alcohol

G.Crustaceans 70% ethyl alcohol, overnight 70% ethyl alcohol with 5% glycerine

H.Leech 10% buffered formalin 70% ethyl alcohol 13


FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

CLASSIFICATIONS
OF PARASITES

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

Classification of

parasites
PROTOZ CESTODES CRUSTAC
OA EAN
trematodes
NEMATODES PARASIT
ES

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


PROTOZOA
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES
National Fisheries Laboratory Division
“…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”

N
PARASI
-external or internal parasites

TES -present in large numbers on the surface of


the skin, gills or in the internal organs of
fishes

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

Classifications of Protozoa
Flagellates

Ciliates

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

18

Protozoa- Flagellates
Flagellates - characterized by one or more flagella to aid in a whip like
motion
Causative agents:
1. Amyloodinium- attached to the gill filaments or body surface
-causes ‘velvet disease’ in marine fishes
en.wikipedia.org

massmind.org
Fig.2 Amyloodinium on skin; velvety appearance
Fig.1 Amyloodinium in gills
Photos by massmind.com

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

Protozoa- Flagellates
19

2. Piscinoodinium sp. - similar to


Amyloodinium spp. in all aspects and are
found to infect freshwater fishes

edis.ifas.ufl.edu

3. Ichthyobodo - attack the entire


body surface and gills causing high
mortality in freshwater fishes.

usgs.gov

Fig.4 Ichthyobodo in gills

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

Protozoa-
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Life cycle

Flagellates
SPECIES
AFFECTED GROSS SIGNS
-wide range of freshwater -Fish often come to the water
and marine fishes surface or gather near the zone
of aeration. Pale gills and
darkening of the body surface
are also noticed.

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

21

GROSS SIGNS
� Darkening of body surface � Pale gills

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

Protozoa-
EFFECTS ON
HOST
DIAGNOSI
S
Flagellates
-Destroy gills and skin, high -Diagnosis is by the
or mass mortality, if not squash preparation of PREVENTION
treated. Sick fishes are dark mucous from gills, skin
in colour and extremely thin. and fins in case of AND CONTROL
external parasites and Copper sulphate bath (0.5 ppm)
intestinal contents in for 3-5 days with good aeration
case of internal and a daily replenishment of
parasites water. Short bath treatment with
200 ppm formalin for 1 hr with
good aeration is also
recommended.

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

Protozoa- Ciliates
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Ciliates –characterized by the presence of hair-like organelles called cilia

Causative agents: I. multifiliis HPO


1. Icthyophthirius multifiliis- cause white
spot disease; characterised by its large
horse-shoe shaped nucleus; numerous pin-
head shaped white spots on skin, fins, and
gills.

Cryptocaryon irritans HPO

2. Cryptocaryon irritans - pear shaped


ciliate found often on the surface of the fish;
counterpart of ich.

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

Protozoa-
Life cycle
Ciliates
SPECIES
AFFECTED GROSS SIGNS
I. multifilis- freshwater fishes Skin and gill irritation displayed by
C.irritans- marine fishes flashing, rubbing and rapid
breathing. Infected fish show tiny
white spots on the fins and skin
when infection has reached the
mature stage, increased mucus
production; fish often rub against
submerged objects.

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

Protozoa- DIAGNOSIS

Ciliates
-Microscopic examination of the PREVENTION AND
mucous from skin and gills may
reveal round or oval parasites CONTROL
with cilia and horse shoe shaped Ich- An elevation of water temperature to
macronucleus typical of ciliates. 30º C for 6 hr. daily for 3-5 days; 0.05%
salinity shock; 100 ppm formalin for 1 hr
for 2-3 days.
Cryptocaryon - Copper sulphate bath (0.5
ppm) for 5-7 days with good aeration and
EFFECTS ON daily replenishment of water. Long bath
treatment with 25- ppm formalin, for 5-7
HOST days with good aeration and replacement
-massive mortality within a short of treated water daily.
time

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

Protozoa- Ciliates
26

3. Trichodina spp - most common ciliates

SPECIES AFFECTED PREVENTION AND


EFFECTS ON HOST
Catfish, carp, tilapia, CONTROL
pale gills; flashing, rubbing,
mullet, milk fish, -Salinity shock using 2-3%
high mortality among young
seabass, grouper, salt solution for 2-5 min. for 3-
fish
snapper, etc 4 days
-Freshwater bath for 1 hour
for 3 days
GROSS SIGNS DIAGNOSIS -Short bath with 200-ppm
infects mainly gills, body Microscopic examination formalin for 30-60 min. for 3
surface and fins and causes of wet mounts of gill days
excessive mucus production filaments and mucous
on gills and body surface with from skin reveals saucer
frayed fins. shaped parasite with cilia.

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

27

3. Trichodina spp

Trichodina spp. stained silver


Trichodina spp. HPO nitrate
Trichodina spp. HPO

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

Classification of

parasites
PROTOZ
CESTODES CRUSTAC
OA EAN
trematodes
NEMATODES PARASIT
ES

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

TREMATODES
-external or internal flatworm parasites with adhesive structures
for attachment to the host
2 Groups:
Monogeneans and Digenean

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT29


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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

Monogeneans
Monogenean parasites – comprise skin and gill Gill Fluke (HPO)
flukes infecting skin, gill and fins of fishes
- threatening to young fish with massive mortality
Causative agents:
1. Dactylogyrus
2.Gyrodactylus
3.Benedenia
tsusinvasives.org

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

LIFE CYCLE Monogen


eans
SPECIES AFFECTED
Wide range of GROSS SIGNS
freshwater and marine -lethargy, excessive mucus
fishes production on gills and
body surface accompanied
with opaque eyes, skin
lesions
-fish rub its body against
submerged objects
-High or mass mortality

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


32
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
“…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”

Monogene
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

ans

Koi infested with gill fluke

Gill fluke of Koi(HPO)


Skin fluke (HPO)
FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division
33

Monogeneans
EFFECTS ON HOST
-show pale gills and poor
appetite, erratic swimming
behaviour due to irritation
and heavy mucus
production on gills DIAGNOSIS PREVENTION AND
-parasite damage the host’s -Gross and microscopic CONTROL
tissues leading to examination of mucous -short bath treatment with
secondary bacterial from skin and gills. 200 ppm hydrogen peroxide
infections for 60 mins
-100-200 ppm formalin, with
strong aeration for 60mins

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

Digenean
Digenean parasites – mainly intestinal parasites
-infect the intestine or gall bladder
of fishes
Causative agents:
1. Lecithochirium spp.
2. Bucephalus spp.
3. Diplostomum spp- known to be pathogenic in fishes

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

LIFE CYCLE Digenean


GROSS
SPECIES
AFFECTED
SIGNS
Mostly wide range of wild
-Yellow grub disease,
freshwater and marine black spot diseases-
fishes causedby metacercaria
in fishes which encyst
in tissues
-blindness in case of
Diplostomum spp.
heavy infection

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

Tilapia infested with Diplostomum spp Digenean

Bull. Eur. Ass. Fish Pathol., 32(6) 2012, 203 Fishpathogens.net

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

Digenean
EFFECTS ON
HOST
-Affected fishes have black
ovoid patches on the body DIAGNOSIS PREVENTION
surface. These pigmented -Metacercariae are visible
patches are cysts of in various tissues and
AND CONTROL
adults in intestine. -controlling of molluscan host
metacercaria
in the culture facility would
reduce the transmission cycle
(larval stages) of the
parasites.

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

Classification of

parasites
PROTOZ
CESTODES CRUSTAC
OA EAN
trematodes
NEMATODES PARASIT
ES

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

Cestodes
-flattened body composed of an adhesive apical part called the ‘scolex’, a
germinative short segment referred to as the ‘neck’ and the strobilum with a
variable number of hermaphroditic proglottids

Causative agents:
1.Ligula intestinalis
2. Otobothrium penetrans 3. Diphyllobothrium latum

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT39


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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

Cest
SPECIES
AFFECTED
odes
Wide range of GROSS SIGNS
freshwater and marine -emaciation, anemia,
fishes discolouration of the
skin and susceptibility
to secondary
infections

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

Cestodes

Wikimedia Commons

Body cavity with encysted Liberated plerocercoids under


plerocercoid (arrow) of D. latum stereomicroscope

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

Cestodes DIAGNOSIS
-demonstration of the
PREVENTION
parasite within the
EFFECTS ON intestinal tract/body AND CONTROL
HOST cavity of the fish. -there are no known
-In heavy infection, treatments for larval
visible sign is greatly cestodes
swollen belly due to the -Praziquantel is being used
blocking of intestine. in aquarium industries.

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

Classification of

parasites
PROTOZ CESTODES CRUSTAC
OA EAN
trematodes
NEMATODES PARASIT
ES

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


Nematod
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES
National Fisheries Laboratory Division
“…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”

es -inhabitants of intestine and body cavities of fish


-larval stages cause serious tissue damage and death
Causative agents:
1.Anisakis spp. – zoonotic
2. Philometra spp - migration causes inflammation and haemorrhage of swim
bladder
3, Philometroides marinus -affect the health status and reproductive performance
in broodstock fish.

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT44


45
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

Nematodes
GROSS
SIGNS
SPECIES -emaciation and
AFFECTED have discoloured
Siganids, catfish, body which is
seabass, grouper, sometimes
snapper, etc. swollen
depending on the
degree and
species of
infection.

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


46
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

Nematodes

Fishpathogens.net
Fish infected w/
Philonema spp.

Fishpathogens.net

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


47
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

EFFECTS ON
Nematodes
HOST DIAGNOSIS
-may impair feeding, -Gross examination and
resulting in emaciation dissection of the viscera
PREVENTION
and mild mortality or intestine with AND CONTROL
liquefied contents and -Elimination of
worms. intermediate hosts
-drying and disinfection of
culture facilities.

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

Classification of

parasites
PROTOZ CESTODES CRUSTAC
OA EAN
trematodes
NEMATODES PARASIT
ES

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

Crustacean Parasites
-Resemble in their general morphology with other crustaceans in having
segmented body, covered with exoskeleton and jointed appendages.
3 Groups
1. Branchiura
2. Copepoda
3. Isopoda

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT49


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

Crustaceans--==-- Branchiura
-Fish lice
-highly mobile and temporary parasites
-feed on tissue fluids and haemolymph of their hosts
LPO

Causative agents:
1. Argulus siamensis
2. A. indicus
3. A. foliaceus

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT50


51
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

Crustaceans--==--=-=-= Bra
GROSS
SPECIES SIGNS
-lethargy, irritation
AFFECTED and loss of
Catfish, carp, etc.
appetite.
-increased flashing,
agitation and
excess mucous
production

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


52
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

Crustaceans--==-- Branchiura
Argulus spp. Attached in skin
of fish

.
The Tay Foundation

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


53
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

Crustacians--==-- Branchiura PREVENTION


EFFECTS ON AND CONTROL
-Treatment with
HOST organophosphates,
-The sting of one fish lice
formalin or potassium
can kill a small fish
DIAGNOSIS permanganate will
-Feeding sites become
eradicate adults
hemorrhagic and -diagnosed by naked
Juveniles can be treated
ulcerated and provide eye with characteristic
with 2% salt bath.
access to secondary two spots on the body
Draining and drying is
infections by other
good option for larger
pathogens
system

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


54
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

tacians--==-- Copepods
Causative agents:
1. Caligus spp – Sea lice
-cause extensive irritation and nervous activity in marine fishes
2. Ergasilus spp. – Gill maggot
-found on the gills and branchial and nasal cavities of many fish
species where it feeds on blood and epithelium.
3. Lernaea spp - anchor worm
- typically a freshwater copepod

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


55
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

tacians--==-- Copepods
SPECIES
AFFECTED
Tilapia,seabass, GROSS SIGNS
mullet,grouper, -excessive mucus
pearl-spot, production and
snapper, etc. signs of irritation
including frequent
flashing

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

tacians--==-- Copepods
A. Caligus spp.

B. Ergasilus spp. A. Lernaea


spp.

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


57
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

Crustacians--==-- Copepods PREVENTION AND


EFFECTS ON HOST DIAGNOSIS CONTROL
management techniques: rearing
-cause small -Parasites can be seen different batches in separate tanks,
hemorrhages and sores, on skin or gill pond drying, removal of all probable
scrapings hosts from the stocking sites prior to
erode the skin and
stocking, quarantine prior to
expose the underlying Anchor worms are stocking and frequent cleaning of
tissue to secondary clearly visible to the holding tank/nets.
naked hanging from Treatments: fresh water bath for 10-
infection.
15 min or by chemical treatment
the body using 1000 ppm hydrogen peroxide
Ergasilus spp. seen or 100-200 ppm formalin for 30-60
attached to the gills. min.

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


58
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

tacians--==-- Iso[pods
-hermaphrodites, living on the skin in the gill chambers or in the mouth of the host
fish

Causative agents:
1. Aegas spp.
2. Cirolana spp.

awesomeocean.com

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


59
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

Crustacians--
==-- Isopods
SPECIES AFFECTED
Tilapia, seabass, GROSS SIGNS
mullet, grouper, -frequent flashing
pearl-spot, snapper, -difficulty in
etc. feedingand thereby
emaciation is often
found.

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


60
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

Crustaceans--==-- Isopods

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


61
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

Crustaceans--==-- Isopods

EFFECTS ON HOST DIAGNOSIS


-low mortality -gross and microscopic PREVENTION AND
examination of CONTROL
scrapings from skin, manual removal of the parasite; by
gills. implementing optimum management
practices during culture

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

Common Zoonotic Fish Parasites in Philippines


Parasite Intermediate Host Clinical signs in human How is it Acquired
 Heterophydae  hito, dalag, lapu lapu, bangus,  Associated in the lesions of the  Ingestion of raw/partly cooked
Manila kanduli, etc. heart, spinal cord and brain fish infected with metacercariae
 Gnathostoma spp.  Tank Goby, Ayungin swelling under the skin;can enter  Ingestion of raw/partly cooked
other tissues such as the liver, and fish infected with metacercariae
the eye, resulting in vision loss or
blindness;and the nerves, spinal
cord, or brain, resulting in nerve
pain, paralysis, coma and death.
Nematodes (Anisakis) Sapsap, Tambong, Mayamaya, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting Consumption of raw or
Talakitok, Dalagang Bukid, Lapu and diarrhea within few minutes undercooked fish containing the
lapu, galonggong, Matang baka, to several hours larvae of the parasite
espada, dilis

Salcedo,2001

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES “…tagapagtaguyod ng Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan”
National Fisheries Laboratory Division

E N D-

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT

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