• Adaptibility to a new environment or

changes in the current environment.

• Capacity for knowledge and the ability to
acquire it.
• Capacity to think and comprehend.
• Ability to evaluate and judge.
• Artificial intelligence is the area of
computer science focusing on creating
machines that can engage on behaviours
that humans consider intelligent.That is
creating systems which can mimic human
thought, understand speech, beat the best
human chessplayer and countless other
feats never before possible.
• Turing’s Test
• Searle’s Test
• Test involves a human communicating with a
human and with a computer in other rooms.
• The first human can ask the other
human/computer any questions like “what do
you think of this poem”.
• If the computer answers so well that the first
human can’t tell which of the two others is
human.
• Then we say that the computer is intelligent.
• Imagine that you don’t speak any chinese, but
that you have a huge rule book which allows
you to look up chinese sentences and tells you
how to reply to them in chinese.You don’t
understand chinese, but can behave in an
apparently intelligent way.
• He claimed that computers ,even if they
appeared intelligent would be just using
something like the rule book of the chinese
room.
• Knowledge Representation
• Deduction,Reasoning,Problem solving
• Motion
• Perception
• Social Intelligence
 •Centres for AI research were formed at carnegie
mellon
•New challenges were faced which resulted in further
research to solve problems efficiently
&
Making systems to learn by themselves
•In 1957 1st version of new program The general
problem solver was tested. It solved greater extent of
commonsense problems

•In 1958 LISP language was developed. It stands for

LISt processing
• One program was SHRDLU. It was part of
microworld project consisting of limited
geometric shapes
• Confined to smaller subject matter
computer programs could solve spatial &
logic problems
• In 1960’s STUDENT program developed to
solve algebra story problems
• SIR developed to understand simple
english sentences
• It predicts the probability of a solution
under set conditions
– It could forecast stock market
– Aid doctors to diagnose disease
– Instructing miners to locate mineral mines
• PROLOGUE language was proposed for In
1972
• American Association for artificial intelligence foundation was started

• DEC Co. employed AI research group of 700 personnel & spent $1billion on
internal AI groups

• Cameras & computers could distinguish different shapes in object using

black &white differences

• In 1986-87 AI demand decreased & industry lost half of a billion $

• Funding for ‘SMART TRUCK’ project was cut down by pentagon

Its goal was to develop a robot to perform battlefield tasks

• In 1980’s AI was introduced in corporate sector to show that technology has

real life uses
• It was put to test during desert storm
• Used in missile systems, head-up-displays
• Voice & character recognition system are
available thru apple macintosh & IBM
compatible computers
• In chess in 3 min. Deep Thought (a master
program) considers 126 million move
while human chessmaster consider less
than 2 moves
• AAAI :- American Association for AI
• ACM :- Association for Computing Machinery
• AIAI :- AI Application Institution
• AT &T Bell Labs
• Carnegie Mellon University AI repository
• MIT :- AI lab at Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• IICAI home page
• Neural Network Applications of AI
• Thoughts on AI
• Famous People Of AI
• Human intelligence involves both ‘mundane’ & ‘Expert
reasoning’
• Mundane reasoning involves routine work in order to act
& interact in this world
It includes :-
 Vision -: ability to make sense of what we see

 Natural language :- ability to communicate in any natural

language

 Robotics :- to move & act responding & responding to new

perceptions

 Planning :- to decide sequence of actions to achieve goals

• Only some people are good at it
It includes :-
 Medical diagnosis
 Equipment repair
 Computer configuration
 Financial Planning
AI concerned with both mundane reasoning and
expert reasoning but mundane tasks are
hardest to automate.
It includes:-
• A speed-up of human professional or semi-professional work -- by ten and
sometimes by a factor of a hundred or more.

• Within companies, major internal cost savings. for large systems, in tens of
millions of dollars and as high as hundreds of millions of dollars. These cost
savings are a result of quality improvement, a major motivation for employing
expert system technology.

• Improved quality of decision making. In some cases, the quality or correctness of

decisions evaluated show a ten-fold improvement.

• Preservation of scarce expertise. to preserve scarce know-how in organizations,

to capture the expertise of individuals who are retiring, and to preserve corporate
know-how so that it can be widely distributed to other factories, offices or plants
of the company.

• Introduction of new products. A good example of a new product is a pathology

advisor sold to clinical pathologists in hospitals to assist in the diagnosis of
diseased tissue.
• No common sense used in making decisions
• Lack of creative responses that human experts
are capable of
• Not capable of explaining the logic and
reasoning behind a decision
• It is not easy to automate complex processes
• There is no flexibility and ability to adapt to
changing environments
• Not able to recognize when there is no answer